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Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los Angeles

1960s Reproductive Rights Movement

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plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-27T23:12:49+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2136"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:2142" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s-a-doctor-at-los-angeles-community-hospital-during-the-1970s-contested-the-notion-that-th.2"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s-a-doctor-at-los-angeles-community-hospital-during-the-1970s-contested-the-notion-that-th.2"></a> 1 media/Forced Sterilization _thumb.png <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-27T23:33:15+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:703"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s-a-doctor-at-los-angeles-community-hospital-during-the-1970s-contested-the-notion-that-th"></a> <span aria-hidden="true" property="dcterms:title" content="1960s A doctor at Los Angeles Community Hospital during the 1970s contested the notion that they targeted the Mexican community for sterilizations."> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s-a-doctor-at-los-angeles-community-hospital-during-the-1970s-contested-the-notion-that-th">1960s A doctor at Los Angeles Community Hospital during the 1970s contested the notion that they targeted the Mexican community for sterilizations.</a> 2 Maria Figueroa returns to the maternity ward at Los Angeles county hospital. Her story is part of the PBS documentary “No Más Bebés.”Kevin Castro/In this case, the lack of similar efforts to conduct sterilizations in other hospitals underlines the racist sentiments in these forced surgeries. Specifically, in the Los Angeles region, only east LA and LA Community Hospital performed these operations and received such pushback. In other words, the only community that suffered due to uninformed and nonconsensual sterilization was east LA, a predominantly Mexican community. Furthermore, the tactic of asking non-English speakers to sign a form in English in most cases applied to the Mexican community in Los Angeles. media/Forced Sterilization .png plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-27T23:36:06+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2142"></a> A common argument given by doctors is that nothing they did shows they specifically targeted the Mexican community. Nevertheless, the standard operating procedures implemented at the hospital included asking patients to sign forms while under labor, not translating forms into Spanish for Spanish speakers, and overall not ensuring the informed consent at the time of signage. Combined, the doctors’ lack of concern for their patients and systematic targeting of patients while under labor and with English forms is understood to be forced sterilization. Regardless of original intention, be it money due to extra surgeries or increased prestige due to more successful surgeries completed, these doctors ultimately forcibly sterilized hundreds of women from a minority group, terminating their chances for reproduction and raising a family; they were able to do so primarily due to the race of their victims. 1960s <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:source" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/no-m-s-beb-s-looks-back-l-mexican-moms-n505256 and https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/lats3naren/sterilization-in-east-los-angeles-in-1960s-and-1970s/"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:2103" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/draft-1960-birth-control-pill-tested-on-puerto-rican-women.1"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/draft-1960-birth-control-pill-tested-on-puerto-rican-women.1"></a> 1 media/A woman teaches birth control methods in Puerto Rico 1960s_thumb.png <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-26T23:28:30+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:689"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/draft-1960-birth-control-pill-tested-on-puerto-rican-women"></a> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/draft-1960-birth-control-pill-tested-on-puerto-rican-women">DRAFT 1960 Birth Control Pill tested on Puerto Rican Women</a> 1 Its clinical trials took place not in the mainland United States, but in Puerto Rico, where poor women were given a strong formulation of the drug without being told they were taking part in a trial or about any of the risks they’d face. Three women died during the secretive test phase—but their deaths were never investigated. media/A woman teaches birth control methods in Puerto Rico 1960s.png plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-26T23:28:30+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2103"></a> Birth Control, Puerto Rican Women, testing minority groups 1960 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:source" href="https://www.history.com/news/birth-control-pill-history-puerto-rico-enovid"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:2105" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-justice-for-latinas-coerced-forced-and-involuntary-sterilization.1"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-justice-for-latinas-coerced-forced-and-involuntary-sterilization.1"></a> 1 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-26T23:35:47+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:690"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-justice-for-latinas-coerced-forced-and-involuntary-sterilization"></a> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-justice-for-latinas-coerced-forced-and-involuntary-sterilization">1960s Reproductive Justice for Latinas: Coerced, Forced, and Involuntary Sterilization</a> 1 By 1934, there were 67 birth control clinics operating under federal funding through Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Puerto Rican Relief Administration; in 1936, the Maternal and Childcare Health Association, a private entity, opened 23 more. A law passed the following year—Law 116—made sterilization legal and free for Puerto Rican women. Family planning clinics offering free sterilization were installed in the new factories of the industrial wave; women were encouraged to work in needlework and textile industries there, and were shown favoritism for sterilization compliance. Health officials campaigned door-to-door for sterilization throughout rural communities, too. In a dire economic situation and with few affordable alternative contraceptive methods available, the operation—or la operacion, as it was referred to locally—became commonplace. By the 1960s, about one-third of the female population had been sterilized—and many of those women hadn’t been educated about the permanency of tubal ligation. <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="art:url" href="https://youtu.be/tShnkBmoe3Y"></a> plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-26T23:35:47+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2105"></a> 1960 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:source" href="https://www.bese.com/how-puerto-rican-women-made-birth-control-possible-at-the-expense-of-their-health/"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:2107" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/draft-1960s-reproductive-rights.1"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/draft-1960s-reproductive-rights.1"></a> 1 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-26T23:41:03+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:691"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/draft-1960s-reproductive-rights"></a> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/draft-1960s-reproductive-rights">Draft 1960s Reproductive Rights</a> 1 Mike Davis description on sterilization practices in Puerto Rico plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-26T23:41:03+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2107"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:2140" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s---1970s-uninformed-consent-to-sterilization---latina-women-in-targeted-in-east-la.1"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s---1970s-uninformed-consent-to-sterilization---latina-women-in-targeted-in-east-la.1"></a> 1 media/Sterilization in East LA_thumb.png <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-27T23:31:18+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:702"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s---1970s-uninformed-consent-to-sterilization---latina-women-in-targeted-in-east-la"></a> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1960s---1970s-uninformed-consent-to-sterilization---latina-women-in-targeted-in-east-la">1960s - 1970s Uninformed Consent to Sterilization - Latina Women in targeted in East LA</a> 1 Similar to the sterilization that occurred in Puerto Rico to address a seeming overpopulation on the island, women in East LA experienced sterilization in the form of uninformed consent, where they were unable to either understand what they were signing due to it being written in English, or they did not remember signing it in the first place due to being in labor. media/Sterilization in East LA.png plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-27T23:31:18+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2140"></a> Dolores Madrigal (l) and attorney Antonia Hernández (r) at a press conference announcing the 1975 lawsuit Madrigal v. Quilligan. Madrigal, along with ten other women, sued the head of obstetrics at the USC Medical Center for forced sterilization. 1960s Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:2148" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1964-forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities--.1"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1964-forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities--.1"></a> 1 media/Screen Shot 2022-07-27 at 5.43.05 PM_thumb.png <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-28T00:49:37+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:705"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1964-forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities--"></a> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/1964-forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities--">1964 Forced sterilization policies in the US targeted minorities and those with disabilities – and lasted into the 21st century</a> 1 https://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144 media/Screen Shot 2022-07-27 at 5.43.05 PM.png plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-28T00:49:37+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:2148"></a> In August 1964, the North Carolina Eugenics Board met to decide if a 20-year-old Black woman should be sterilized. Because her name was redacted from the records, we call her Bertha. She was a single mother with one child who lived at the segregated O'Berry Center for African American adults with intellectual disabilities in Goldsboro. According to the North Carolina Eugenics Board, Bertha had an IQ of 62 and exhibited “aggressive behavior and sexual promiscuity.” She had been orphaned as a child and had a limited education. Likely because of her “low IQ score,” the board determined she was not capable of rehabilitation. Instead the board recommended the “protection of sterilization” for Bertha, because she was “feebleminded” and deemed unable to “assume responsibility for herself” or her child. Without her input, Bertha’s guardian signed the sterilization form. 1964 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:source" href="https://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li>  <li resource="urn:scalar:tag:2150:1960" typeof="oac:Annotation"> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasBody" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/1960s-reproductive-rights-movement.7"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="oac:hasTarget" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/feminist-health-movement.1"></a> <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:hasVersion" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/feminist-health-movement.1"></a> 1 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-20T20:17:38+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:content:626"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 <a aria-hidden="true" rel="dcterms:isVersionOf" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/feminist-health-movement"></a> <a href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/media/feminist-health-movement">Feminist Health Movement</a> 1 From its earliest days in the 1960s, the women's liberation movement focused on abortion and women's right to control their bodies. Some of the more radical groups engaged in underground abortion clinics, most notably in Chicago; others, like the Boston's Women's Health Collective began writing/publishing projects; and organizations like NOW formed Task Forces to work on the issue of reproductive rights. In fact, it was in NOW that leaders of the feminist health movement, Carol Downer and Lorraine Rothman, first became active and initially demonstrated gynecological self-examination. And while Downer and Rothman went on to open the first Feminist Women's Health Center at the Crenshaw Women's Center, other women, like Vi Verreaux worked at and opened more conventionally structured, service-oriented clinics for women. This series is comprised of interviews with these three women. The long interviews with Downer and Rothman document the evolution and expansion of their work, and although the much shorter interview with Verreaux barely touches on her clinic work, it does provides a glimpse into a service-oriented, community-based clinic. media/eScholarship UC item 7bq7z68v.pdf plain <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="prov:wasAttributedTo" href="https://scalar.sparcinla.org/great-wall-institute/users/4"></a> 2022-07-20T20:17:38+00:00 <a class="metadata" aria-hidden="true" rel="scalar:urn" href="urn:scalar:version:1960"></a> Gina Leon f0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49 </li> </ol> </section> </article> </body> </html>