This site requires Javascript to be turned on. Please enable Javascript and reload the page.

Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los Angeles

1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Road 2

This page has paths:

Contents of this path:
1. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 1 The San Fernando earthquake occurred on February 9, 1971, at 6:00:41 am with a strong ground motion duration of about 12 seconds as recorded by seismometers, although the whole event was reported to have lasted about 60 seconds. The origin of faulting was located five miles north of the San Fernando Valley. Considerable damage was seen in localized portions of the valley and also in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains above the fault block. The fault that was responsible for the movement was not one that had been considered a threat, and this highlighted the urgency to identify other similar faults in the Los Angeles area.
2. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 2 This earthquake occurred on the San Fernando fault zone, a zone of thrust faulting which broke the surface in the Sylmar-San Fernando Area. The total surface rupture was roughly 19 km (12 miles) long. The maximum slip was up to 2 meters (6 feet). Source Red lines show the fault active during the earthquake, meaning that is the plane along which the two blocks moved in a thrust fault motion (the motion showed in the following slide).
3. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 3
5. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 5
6. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Disaster Response 1 Two fallen structurally separated stair towers and the collapsed basement at Olive View Hospital after the San Fernando earthquake in February 1971. The earthquake was the first disaster in the United States to happen after the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, which directed federal agencies to provide assistance to state and local governments. At the time of the earthquake, FEMA did not exist. The epicenter of the quake was about 8.7 miles north of San Fernando in a sparsely populated area of the San Gabriel Mountains. It was 5.6 miles deep and generally felt over approximately 80,000 square miles of California, Nevada and Arizona.
7. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Disaster Response 2 Aerial view of damage at Sylmar Veterans Administration Hospital, April-May 1971. For the public, perhaps the most important outcomes of the 1971 San Fernando event were the laws and changes to building codes that were put into place to make buildings safer during major earthquakes. Because the damage during the quake had been so horrible, one of the first changes was the adoption of new seismic standards for hospitals. Other changes took a bit longer. During the quake, the San Fernando Fault actually came to the surface of the earth and tore through people's houses. Prior to the event there was nothing to prevent builders from constructing homes and businesses directly on top of active fault lines. But as Jones notes, there are two types of damage associated with earthquakes. "The damage from shaking can be stopped by building stronger buildings," she says. "The danger from the fault can't be stopped because the fault itself is moving."
8. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Van Norman Dam 1 Damage to the Lower Van Norman Dam. Both the Upper and Lower Van Norman Dams were severely damaged as a result of the earthquake. The lower dam was very close to breaching, and approximately 80,000 people were evacuated for four days while the water level in the reservoir was lowered. Some canals in the area of the dams were damaged and not usable, and dikes experienced slumping but these did not present a hazard. The damage at the lower dam consisted of a landslide that dislocated a section of the embankment. The earthen lip of the dam fell into the reservoir and brought with it the concrete lining, while what remained of the dam was just 5 feet above the water level.
9. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Van Norman Dam 2
10. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Van Norman Dam 3
11. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Ground Movement 1
14. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 2
15. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 3
16. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 4 The San Fernando Veterans Administration Hospital in the aftermath of the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake. Loss of life that was directly attributable to the earthquake amounted to 58 (a number of heart attacks and other health-related deaths were not included in this figure). Most deaths occurred at the Veterans and Olive View hospital complexes, and the rest were located at private residences, the highway overpass collapses, and a ceiling collapse at the Midnight Mission in downtown Los Angeles.
17. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 5
18. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Freeways 1 Collapsed overpass at intersection of Sierra Highway and Golden State Freeway. Substantial disruption to about 10 miles of freeways in the northern San Fernando Valley took place, with most of the damage occurring at the Foothill Freeway / Golden State Freeway interchange, and along a five-mile stretch of Interstate 210. On Interstate 5, the most significant damage was between the Newhall Pass interchange on the north end and the I-5 / I-405 interchange in the south, where subsidence at the bridge approaches and cracking and buckling of the roadway made it unusable.
20. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Freeways 3
21. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Freeways 4
24. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Road 2
26. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake "The Violent Earth" 1 From left: Duane L. Georgeson, Jules Bergman examine damage in the aftermath of the Sylmar Earthquake / 1971 San Fernando earthquake, in the Walt Disney Television series episode "The Violent Earth." Important note about depicting a fault: Shallow crevasses can form during earthquake-induced landslides, lateral spreads, or from other types of ground failures, but faults do not open up during an earthquake. An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth’s crust slide past one another after having been stuck together in one place for a long time, because of friction on the fault, while the rest of the crust away from the edges has been slowly moving. If a fault could open up, no earthquake would occur in the first place because there would be no friction locking the two blocks together.
27. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake "The Violent Earth" 2 From left: F. Beach Leighton, Jules Bergman examine fault line trench after the Sylmar Earthquake / 1971 San Fernando earthquake, in the Walt Disney Television series episode "The Violent Earth." When geologists want to study an active earthquake fault, they often rely on a trenching study. They dig a long trench across the active trace of the fault, perhaps as much as 10 feet deep, or deeper if money and conditions allow. They brace the walls, if needed, to prevent cave-ins, then they climb down into the trench and carefully map its walls, looking for signs of past earthquakes and ground movement.
Contents of this path:
1. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 1 The San Fernando earthquake occurred on February 9, 1971, at 6:00:41 am with a strong ground motion duration of about 12 seconds as recorded by seismometers, although the whole event was reported to have lasted about 60 seconds. The origin of faulting was located five miles north of the San Fernando Valley. Considerable damage was seen in localized portions of the valley and also in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains above the fault block. The fault that was responsible for the movement was not one that had been considered a threat, and this highlighted the urgency to identify other similar faults in the Los Angeles area.
2. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 2 This earthquake occurred on the San Fernando fault zone, a zone of thrust faulting which broke the surface in the Sylmar-San Fernando Area. The total surface rupture was roughly 19 km (12 miles) long. The maximum slip was up to 2 meters (6 feet). Source Red lines show the fault active during the earthquake, meaning that is the plane along which the two blocks moved in a thrust fault motion (the motion showed in the following slide).
3. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 3
5. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Fault Dynamics 5
6. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Disaster Response 1 Two fallen structurally separated stair towers and the collapsed basement at Olive View Hospital after the San Fernando earthquake in February 1971. The earthquake was the first disaster in the United States to happen after the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, which directed federal agencies to provide assistance to state and local governments. At the time of the earthquake, FEMA did not exist. The epicenter of the quake was about 8.7 miles north of San Fernando in a sparsely populated area of the San Gabriel Mountains. It was 5.6 miles deep and generally felt over approximately 80,000 square miles of California, Nevada and Arizona.
7. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Disaster Response 2 Aerial view of damage at Sylmar Veterans Administration Hospital, April-May 1971. For the public, perhaps the most important outcomes of the 1971 San Fernando event were the laws and changes to building codes that were put into place to make buildings safer during major earthquakes. Because the damage during the quake had been so horrible, one of the first changes was the adoption of new seismic standards for hospitals. Other changes took a bit longer. During the quake, the San Fernando Fault actually came to the surface of the earth and tore through people's houses. Prior to the event there was nothing to prevent builders from constructing homes and businesses directly on top of active fault lines. But as Jones notes, there are two types of damage associated with earthquakes. "The damage from shaking can be stopped by building stronger buildings," she says. "The danger from the fault can't be stopped because the fault itself is moving."
8. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Van Norman Dam 1 Damage to the Lower Van Norman Dam. Both the Upper and Lower Van Norman Dams were severely damaged as a result of the earthquake. The lower dam was very close to breaching, and approximately 80,000 people were evacuated for four days while the water level in the reservoir was lowered. Some canals in the area of the dams were damaged and not usable, and dikes experienced slumping but these did not present a hazard. The damage at the lower dam consisted of a landslide that dislocated a section of the embankment. The earthen lip of the dam fell into the reservoir and brought with it the concrete lining, while what remained of the dam was just 5 feet above the water level.
9. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Van Norman Dam 2
10. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Van Norman Dam 3
11. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Ground Movement 1
14. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 2
15. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 3
16. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 4 The San Fernando Veterans Administration Hospital in the aftermath of the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake. Loss of life that was directly attributable to the earthquake amounted to 58 (a number of heart attacks and other health-related deaths were not included in this figure). Most deaths occurred at the Veterans and Olive View hospital complexes, and the rest were located at private residences, the highway overpass collapses, and a ceiling collapse at the Midnight Mission in downtown Los Angeles.
17. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Hospitals 5
18. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Freeways 1 Collapsed overpass at intersection of Sierra Highway and Golden State Freeway. Substantial disruption to about 10 miles of freeways in the northern San Fernando Valley took place, with most of the damage occurring at the Foothill Freeway / Golden State Freeway interchange, and along a five-mile stretch of Interstate 210. On Interstate 5, the most significant damage was between the Newhall Pass interchange on the north end and the I-5 / I-405 interchange in the south, where subsidence at the bridge approaches and cracking and buckling of the roadway made it unusable.
20. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Freeways 3
21. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Freeways 4
25. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Road 2
26. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake "The Violent Earth" 1 From left: Duane L. Georgeson, Jules Bergman examine damage in the aftermath of the Sylmar Earthquake / 1971 San Fernando earthquake, in the Walt Disney Television series episode "The Violent Earth." Important note about depicting a fault: Shallow crevasses can form during earthquake-induced landslides, lateral spreads, or from other types of ground failures, but faults do not open up during an earthquake. An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth’s crust slide past one another after having been stuck together in one place for a long time, because of friction on the fault, while the rest of the crust away from the edges has been slowly moving. If a fault could open up, no earthquake would occur in the first place because there would be no friction locking the two blocks together.
27. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake "The Violent Earth" 2 From left: F. Beach Leighton, Jules Bergman examine fault line trench after the Sylmar Earthquake / 1971 San Fernando earthquake, in the Walt Disney Television series episode "The Violent Earth." When geologists want to study an active earthquake fault, they often rely on a trenching study. They dig a long trench across the active trace of the fault, perhaps as much as 10 feet deep, or deeper if money and conditions allow. They brace the walls, if needed, to prevent cave-ins, then they climb down into the trench and carefully map its walls, looking for signs of past earthquakes and ground movement.

This page has tags:

Contents of this tag:
1. 1970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Protestors in the rain
3. 1974 The Great Wall of Los Angeles 1974 The Great Wall of Los Angeles is one of Los Angeles’ true cultural landmarks and one of the country’s most respected and largest monuments to inter-racial harmony. SPARC’s first public art project and its true signature piece, the Great Wall is a landmark pictorial representation of the history of ethnic peoples of California from prehistoric times to the 1950’s, conceived by SPARC’S artistic director and founder Judy Baca. Begun in 1974 and completed over five summers, the Great Wall employed over 400 youth and their families from diverse social and economic backgrounds working with artists, oral historians, ethnologists, scholars, and hundreds of community members.
4. 1970 First Earth Day “Senator Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin was flying from Los Angeles to San Francisco for a meeting right around the time the spill happened. That huge, 800 square-mile oil slick was out there on the ocean, and he could see it out the plane window. That’s what gave him the impetus to organize Earth Day. He had this idea that we should have a day where, across college campuses, professors do a teach-in where they talk about the environment. I think with the ’69 oil spill, people had this realization that we should protect the environment for the environment’s sake. This concept of environmental rights emerged. UCSB history professor Rod Nash wrote this declaration of environmental rights and it was presented at this conference that was on the one year anniversary of the spill. He then went on to found the first environmental studies program in the U.S.”
5. 1973 Reverend Troy Perry stands in his burned-down church The church has also endured its share of troubles. MCC has faced anti-LGBTQ violence, particularly during what Perry terms a period of persecution in the 1970s when they lost five churches to arson—including a New Orleans gay bar called the Upstairs Lounge where MCC members were holding a meeting; it was the worst mass murder of LGBTQ persons in the U.S. until the Pulse night club massacre in 2016. According to the MCC History Project, their churches began to experience the full brunt of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the mid-1980s; the Rev. Elder Don Eastman wrote that by the time effective HIV treatments became available in 1996, MCC had lost one-third of its congregants. “I don’t believe that any disease, I don’t care what it is, is a gift from God to a class of people,” Perry said to the Rev. Jerry Falwell in 1983 during a televised debate. “We don’t want political games played with this issue. We want to make sure that people don’t die.”
6. 1973 Roe v Wade was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court
8. 1971 San Fernando Earthquake Damage to Road 2
9. 1978 California Prop 6: Protest Advertisment Advertisement against Proposition 6, an initiative sponsored by State Senator John Briggs to expel gay and lesbian teachers, 1978. The Briggs Initiative galvanized the California LGBTQ+ community, as well as state and national political figures. Harvey Milk, elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors the previous year, was arguably the most vocal and visible opponent of Proposition 6. More surprisingly, Ronald Reagan (then Governor of California) came out against it, as did both former US President Gerald Ford and current President Jimmy Carter. Anita Bryant made frequent appearances in support of Proposition 6 as part of the Save Our Children coalition. The referendum failed by a vote of 58.4% to 41.6%.
10. 1973 STAR 3 Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera at the 1973 Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade in New York City. The term was reclaimed by lesbians within the women’s movement in 1970 who demanded inclusion and recognition. Some staff members from NOW resigned from their jobs to join the group. That same year members of the Lavender Menace disrupted the Second Congress to Unite Women, a conference sponsored by NOW by cutting the lights and changing into shirts with the name “lavender menace” on them, Lesbian rights were included in NOW’s six key issues in 1971 and in 1977, Betty Friedan apologized for her previous remarks and actively supported a resolution against sexual preference discrimination.
11. 1970 Lavender Menace 2 Rita Mae Brown, in Lavender Menace T-shirt, at the Lavender Menace Action, May 1st, 1970. The term "Lavender Menace" originated as a negative term for the association of lesbianism with the feminist movement, but it was later reclaimed as a positive term by lesbian feminists. The phrase "Lavender Menace" was reportedly first used in 1969 by Betty Friedan, president of The National Organization for Women (NOW), to describe the threat that she believed associations with lesbianism posed to NOW and the emerging women's movement. Friedan, and some other heterosexual feminists, worried that the association would hamstring feminists' ability to achieve serious political change, and that stereotypes of "mannish" and "man-hating" lesbians would provide an easy way to dismiss the movement.
12. 1979 White Night Riots 1
14. 1976 Harvey Milk on the Campaign Trail 1 Harvey Milk passes out fliers at a San Francisco Safeway grocery store during his 1976 state assembly run. Harvey Milk loved campaigning; that was the real secret of his success. For months out of every year, he would let his business drift into further disarray in order to get up at five in the morning and shake hands at bus stops, to visit people in the neighborhood, to speak at every meeting that he was invited to. He organized a Castro Village business association and the annual Castro Street Fair; he persuaded gay bars across the city to boycott Coors beer in aid of a union campaign. He became a figure in the neighborhood, and, eventually, one who could get things done.
15. In the 1970s, Davis was a fugitive on the FBI's most-wanted list. Once caught, she faced the death penalty in California but was later acquitted on all charges. Angela Davis raises her fist to give her power salute as she sits in the courtroom at Marin Civic Center in San Rafael, Ca., on March 16, 1971. Davis, who is accused of supplying some of the weapons used in a shoot-out during an attempted escape of prisoners at the Marin County Courthouse, is waiting for her court hearing to start after it was postponed because of bomb threats. In the fall of 1970, she was on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List. (AP Photo)
16. 1975 Christopher Street West Pride Parade The Gay Pride parade on Hollywood Boulevard in 1975. Before Stonewall, the Queer Revolution Started Right Here in Los Angeles. L.A. gays launched the movement (and the battle cry) that shook the world. Founded in 1970 and incorporated in 1976, Christopher Street West Association, Inc. is a nonprofit service organization within the LGBTQ community. The organization was responsible for organizing the world's first LGBTQ pride parade, which took place in Los Angeles. The original intent behind this parade was to celebrate LGBTQ resistance during the 1969 New York Stonewall Riots and to provide an experience in which LGBTQ individuals could feel pride in their identities, see others like themselves in a public setting, and not feel alone. The first pride parade took place on June 28, 1970, with approximately 1,000 people in attendance. Since its beginnings in the early 1970s, the parade now known as LA PRIDE has had a mardi gras-like and carnivalesque quality, presenting political platforms and viewpoints in a fun and celebratory manner. Each year, the parade reflects current social and cultural happenings within the LGBTQ community.
17. 1973 Self Help Graphics 1 “Self Help Graphics & Art emerged out of the inspiration and energies of a group of artists/printmakers working from an East Los Angeles garage. Known as Art, Inc. when they began working together in 1970, printmakers Sister Karen Boccalero, Carlos Bueno, Antonio Ibáñez, Frank Hernández, and others held their first exhibition at the El Mercado shopping center in 1971. Soon after, they relocated to Boyle Heights with a gift from the Order of the Sisters of St. Francis and by 1973, the organization was reestablished as a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization and changed its name to Self Help Graphics & Art (SHG).”
18. 1979-1992 Soviet - Afghan War - Operation Cylcone President Reagan meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the Oval Office in 1983. Operation Cyclone was the codename for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention
19. 1977 Apple first computer for mass market and Floppy Disks After the duo invented the Apple I computer, an improved version known as Apple II was already underway. After getting a loan to make more computers, the company eventually took off selling millions of Apple II's well into the 1980s. 1977: The Second Generation: Apple officially became incorporated in January, then publicly released the Apple II in June, which was the first personal computer for the mass market. That same year, Michael Scott became the president of the company. 1978: Floppy Disks: The tech giant took a break from releasing computers and released the Apple Disk II, which was an external floppy-disk drive. The floppy disk was more expensive than what a gaming console costs in 2016. The Apple Disk had an introductory price of $495, but it was then raised to $595
20. 1970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: LASD officers outside the Silver Dollar Cafe 3
23. 1971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners with makeshift amor in a hallway
24. 1971 Attica Rebellion: State troopers prepare to retake Attica 2 Armed officers walk by the entrance to the Attica Correctional Facility, in Attica, NY, in the aftermath of the riot at the prison, September 1971. Negotiations were led by a group of journalists, politicians and prison reformers, including the radical civil rights attorney William Kunstler and the New York Times columnist Tom Wicker. Shuttling between prisoners in the yard and state authorities gathered outside, the negotiators worked heroically toward a settlement. But Rockefeller was uncompromising, and after refusing to go to Attica to join the negotiations himself, he abandoned talks and ordered state troopers to “retake” the prison.
25. 1973 Minnie Lee & Mary Alice forcibly sterilized
26. 1973 Wounded Knee: Russell Means, right, beats the drum at a meeting of the Wounded Knee occupation Russell Means, right, beats the drum at a meeting of the Wounded Knee occupation on March 10, 1973. A photojournalist who managed to get inside the cordon made a series of images of the stand-off and negotiations. On the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, some 200 Sioux Native Americans, led by members of the American Indian Movement (AIM), occupy Wounded Knee, the site of the infamous 1890 massacre of 300 Sioux by the U.S. Seventh Cavalry. The AIM members, some of them armed, took 11 residents of the historic Oglala Sioux settlement hostage as local authorities and federal agents descended on the reservation. AIM was founded in 1968 by Russell Means, Dennis Banks, and other Native leaders as a militant political and civil rights organization. From November 1969 to June 1971, AIM members occupied Alcatraz Island off San Francisco, saying they had the right to it under a treaty provision granting them unused federal land. In November 1972, AIM members briefly occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C., to protest programs controlling reservation development. Then, in early 1973, AIM prepared for its dramatic occupation of Wounded Knee. In addition to its historical significance, Wounded Knee was one of the poorest communities in the United States and shared with the other Pine Ridge settlements some of the country’s lowest rates of life expectancy.