Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los AngelesMain MenuResearch of the DecadesResearch1960s Illustration DevelopmentIllustration DevelopmentPlaylists of the DecadesPlaylistssparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fcGreat Wall Institute - Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.36.05 PM.png2023-10-16T20:17:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Perspectives of Our Researchsparcinla.org25Research Frameworkimage_header18762024-03-28T01:10:47+00:00sparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fc
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1media/Chief Parker - Warden of the ghetto_thumb.jpeg2022-07-05T23:15:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491950 -66 Warden of the Ghetto (Police and Carceral Regime)6William H. Parker, who headed the LAPD from 1950 to 1966, is considered the originator of the warrior cop policing style.(Los Angeles Times) The LAPD’s racial animus during this time is often attributed to the bigotry of its chief. Parker was a cartoonish racist who likened Black people to monkeys and thought Latinos inherently criminal due to their descent from what he called the “wild tribes” of Mexico. He once complained during a television news interview that an influx of African Americans moving to L.A. to escape the Jim Crow South had “flooded a community that wasn’t prepared to meet them. We didn’t ask these people to come here.” According to Kramer, Parker was a punch-below-the-belt politician who maintained his authority in part by spying on his adversaries and threatened them with the dirt he uncovered. Yet he wasn’t some rogue white supremacist who slipped through the cracks into his position. Parker enjoyed strong support from L.A.’s white business leaders and homeowners. Even after the brutality of his department drew national scrutiny in the wake of the 1965 Watts riots, Parker’s white base of support rallied around him. It took death, not outrage, to finally remove him from his position in 1966, after which city leaders changed the name of LAPD headquarters to honor him — and kept it there until 2009. Parker’s LAPD, much like other problematic police departments across California, was possible only because of the support of the white power structure. And that power structure wanted residential segregation. L.A.’s powerful real estate industry, as detailed in Andrea Gibson’s “City of Segregation,” did everything it could to enforce and profit from segregation. According to Gibson, the industry furthered the myth that Black and Latino integration was bad for property values, thus ensuring a premium on homes in white communities, while simultaneously imposing artificial scarcity in segregated ones, driving up prices for jam-packed residents of color who were prevented from living elsewhere.media/Chief Parker - Warden of the ghetto.jpegplain2022-07-12T20:52:46+00:001950-66Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Mass_Incarceration_thumb.png2022-02-28T23:30:46+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61994 Crime Bill that Fed Into the Mass Incarceration Crisis4California has an incarceration rate of 549 per 100,000 people, according to The Prison Policy Initiative. (Al Seib / Los Angeles Times). https://www.latimes.com/california/newsletter/2021-12-16/california-inmates-water-intoxication-death-essential-californiamedia/Mass_Incarceration.pngplain2023-11-22T18:55:30+00:001994Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Gordon Parks, Malcolm X Holding Up Black Muslim Newspaper Chicago, Illinois1963_thumb.jpg2022-01-20T06:23:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491962 LAPD attack a Black Muslim Temple, killing Ronald Stokes4April 27: An altercation leads to police entering the Los Angeles Temple and killing its unarmed secretary, Ronald Stokes. "They're going to pay for it," Malcolm declares, and goes to Los Angeles to eulogize Stokes at a funeral attended by 2,000 people. He says the police shot "innocent unarmed Black men in cold blood" and urges action. But Elijah Muhammad resists calls for an aggressive response. An all-white coroner's jury deliberates about Stokes' killing for 23 minutes and terms it "justifiable homicide." By contrast, 14 Nation of Islam members are indicted for assault in the incident and 11 are found guilty. Later this year, Malcolm confirms that Elijah Muhammad has engaged in repeated adultery and had children with at least three of his young secretaries. "I felt almost out of my mind," Malcolm says. Herbert Muhammad asks Muhammad Speaks to minimize coverage of Malcolm X.media/Gordon Parks, Malcolm X Holding Up Black Muslim Newspaper Chicago, Illinois1963.jpgplain2023-10-24T04:03:02+00:00April 1962nmGu3WDWmTtXMbjWA_1mFBMD01000ab60300009b0e00000a1e00002c1e0000711e00008f260000d23a0000ac3d0000ce3d0000043e00007d630000Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.08.58 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:10:03+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Policemen charge towards Laguna Park3Sheriff's deputies descend on Chicano Moratorium demonstrators on Whittier Boulevard near Indiana Street as the march erupts into chaos on Aug. 29, 1970media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.08.58 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:18:10+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.21.06 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:21:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Later Chicano Moratoriums: Raul Ruiz and the corpse of Gustav Montag3Raul Ruiz lays a Mexican flag atop the corpse of Gustav Montag, during a 1971 protest in East Los Angeles. Three people died on Aug. 29, 1970 Moratorium. They included: LA Times journalist and KMEX (Ch. 34) news director Rubén Salazar, Gilberto Diaz (Angel Gilbert Diaz) and Lyn Ward. During a 1971 protest, Gustav Montag was murdered by police. Identified as Jewish, Montag was the fourth casualty in East LA of the organized moratoriums. This moratorium was held on February 2, 1971.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.21.06 PM.pngplain2023-03-25T23:14:35+00:00February 2,1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-22 at 12.59.00 PM_thumb.png2022-07-22T20:50:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491979 Chol Soo Lee - Korean immigrant facing the death penalty for Prison fight3media/Screen Shot 2022-07-22 at 12.59.00 PM.pngplain2022-07-22T20:52:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-22 at 5.04.01 PM_thumb.png2022-07-23T00:06:11+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Oakland High School at funeral for Black Panther Bobby Hutton3PHOTO BY NIKKI ARAI - Oakland High School students participated in the funeral for Black Panther Bobby Hutton, killed by Oakland Police in 1968. The Black Power movement, led by various groups including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party, emerged in the latter half of the sixties. Coined by Black Panther leader Stokely Carmichael, the Black Power movement inspired racial pride and advocated for local community control, self-determination and economic development. At the same time, other social movements challenged the existing social order. At UC Berkeley, students engaged in civil disobedience over a university ban on political activity and initiated the Free Speech movement. The women’s liberation movement emerged in the late ‘60s as organizations formed to confront society’s sexism and to promote women’s equality. Likewise, activists organized the environmental movement to protect the earth, stop pollution, and clean-up toxic environmental hazards in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color. Each of these movements, as well as their militancy, informed the Asian American movement.media/Screen Shot 2022-07-22 at 5.04.01 PM.pngplain2022-07-23T00:09:31+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.21.30 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:24:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Walkout covered in La Raza Newspaper 19682Article from the La Raza Newspaper covering the East LA blowouts which happened earlier that month in March of 1968.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.21.30 PM.pngplain2023-12-13T19:38:36+00:00March 31, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Black_Panther_Dec_1969_thumb.png2022-01-19T23:19:11+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61969 Black Panther LA Headquarters SWAT Raid2Description: 8 December- A Black Panther surrenders to police after a four-hour confrontation at the party headquarters in Los Angeles, Dec. 9, 1969. (Wally Fong / Associated Press) Reflection of event: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-12-08/50-years-swat-black-panthers-militarized-policinglos-angelesmedia/Black_Panther_Dec_1969.pngplain2022-01-19T23:27:24+00:001969Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.05.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:07:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Policeman with shotgun2A police deputy with shotgun raised outside of a National Chicano Moratorium march in August 1970 that attracted between 20,000 and 30,000 demonstrators.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.05.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:17:16+00:00August 29, 1970La Raza Staff Photographers/UCLA Chicano Studies Research CenterGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.12.46 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:13:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Injured policeman dragged out of Laguna Park2Arrellanes: One image remains embedded in her memory: “It was at the park. There was a lot of paper, a lot of debris. There was a wheelchair, tipped on its side. Nobody in it. You know, somebody carried somebody. That always stayed on my mind. Laguna Park was renamed Salazar Park. Image from Herald-Examiner Collectionmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.12.46 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:18:53+00:00August 29, 1970Herald-Examiner Collection/Los Angeles Public Library: National Chicano MoratoriumGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.17.03 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:17:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Ruben Salazar 22“Anyone who has worked a police beat as a reporter, as I have, knows that policemen tend to have difference attitudes toward enforcing the law depending on the social, financial and racial makeup of the people they deal with.” -Ruben Salazar Journalist Rubén Salazar and camera operator Guillermo Restrepo trailed after police who were chasing people east down Whittier Blvd. They eventually stopped at the Silver Dollar Bar and Café. That was where Los Angeles County deputy sheriff Tom Wilson said he fired the tear gas canister that struck Salazar in the head. Rubén Salazar was both the news director at Spanish language TV station KMEX and a columnist for the Los Angeles Times.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.17.03 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:40:21+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.23.36 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:24:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: After moratorium demonstration2Chicano Moratorium Committee anti-war demonstrators gather in East L.A. "The biggest, bloodiest disturbance in Los Angeles since Watts five years earlier lasted several hours. When it was over, Los Angeles Times columnist Ruben Salazar was dead and two others mortally wounded, about 200 people were under arrest, 75 law enforcement officers and untold numbers of demonstrators were injured, 95 county vehicles were destroyed or damaged, 44 buildings were pillaged and eight major fires had been set.” “After the Chicano Moratorium, I said no way am I going to put myself in jeopardy ever again,” Jensen says. “Because that’s how scared I was.” Jensen stopped organizingmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.23.36 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:56:13+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.52.44 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:54:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: 1974 ASCO First Supper After a Major Riot2Harry Gamboa Jr.: LA County sheriffs open fired on innocent students and protestors, and wounded and killed many people who were protesting against the war in Vietnam, and were also protesting against police violence, which was followed by a two to three-and-a-half year crackdown on young people gathering on the streets of East Los Angeles. At the time that we shot [First Supper After a Major Riot], we felt that it had been long enough. It was time for it to be extinguished. And so, we declared it to be a celebration. Willie Herrón: At the time of the Moratorium, I was in high school. I remember the procession originating at Belvedere Park, protesting the Vietnam War and all the Chicanos that lost their lives. The police brutality was incredible. It affected me quite a bit and I think it affected all of us. So that's why Whittier Boulevard became such an important street, and a place for us to conduct our performances and connect them to our community and the way society viewed us at the time.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.52.44 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T01:03:21+00:001974Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Protestors Georgia State Capitol 2021_thumb.jpeg2022-04-04T22:48:37+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49What Jim Crow looks like in 20212Protesters gather outside of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta to protest HB 531, which would place tougher restrictions on voting in Georgia, U.S. March 1, 2021. Protesters gather outside of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta to protest HB 531, which would place tougher restrictions on voting in Georgia, U.S. March 1, 2021. Dustin Chamber/Reuters “It’s a redux of Jim Crow in a suit and tie.” That’s how Stacey Abrams, who spearheaded efforts to organize Black voters in Georgia for the 2020 election, recently described the deluge of new voter restriction laws proposed by Republicans in the Georgia state legislature in the wake of their defeat. Cliff Albright of the Black Voters Matter Fund echoed Abrams, saying the new restrictions, which include new ID requirements and limits on drop boxes, are just “putting a little makeup and cologne on Jim Crow.” Nicole Hemmer Nicole Hemmer The idea that these new voting restrictions are a more sanitized version of Jim Crow says a lot about popular understanding of that era of racism and discrimination (something Abrams and Albright clearly know, and are speaking to). Next to images of White protesters snarling at civil rights activists at sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 or police officers siccing German Shepherds on Black schoolchildren in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1963, the image of legislators calmly enacting a series of discriminatory restrictions seems far more civilized. Yet, even at its violent peak, Jim Crow had another side, one that always wore a suit and tie, especially when it came to voter disenfranchisement. Required to navigate around the 15th Amendment, which explicitly prohibited barring Black men from voting, White Southern legislators innovated a kind of colorblind racism that would go on to become the right’s preferred tool for opposing civil rights advances in the post-Jim Crow era. Looked at through that lens, the current rush to restrict voting rights is less proof of the resuscitation of Jim Crow than evidence that it never really went away.media/Protestors Georgia State Capitol 2021.jpegplain2022-04-04T22:49:47+00:00March 1, 2021Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Prop 47_thumb.jpeg2022-02-28T23:34:41+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a492014 YES on Prop 47 - When California reversed tough-on-crime policies earlier this month many cheered, saying the state blazed a trail for a more enlightened approach to crime and punishment across the United States. (The Guardian)2Prop. 47, the Safe Neighborhood and Schools Act, will be on the ballot this November. It would change the lowest-level, nonviolent crimes such as simple drug possession and petty theft from felonies to misdemeanors. The savings would go toward preventing crime. If it passes, California will lead the nation in ending felony sentencing for the lowest level, non-violent crimes, permanently reduce incarceration and shift $1 billion in the next five years alone from the state corrections department to K-12 school programs and mental health and drug treatment. This reform maintains the current law for anyone with prior convictions for rape, murder or child molestation. At the same time, Prop. 47 reduces the barriers that many people with a low-level, non-violent felony conviction face to becoming stable and productive citizens, such as a lack of employment, housing and access to assistance programs and professional trades. Yes on Prop. 47 is supported by law enforcement leaders, crime victims, teachers, rehabilitation experts, business leaders, faith-based leaders and civil rights organizations, as well as the ACLU of California. This reform will focus our law enforcement resources on violent and serious crime, and use the savings in prison spending to prevent crime.media/Prop 47.jpegplain2022-02-28T23:35:53+00:002014California prisons have already released hundreds of inmates following Proposition 47, which undid much of the state’s controversial ‘three strikes and you’re out’ policy. Photograph: Rich Pedroncelli/APGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.27.48 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T22:28:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners crawl on the ground after take-over1Inmates of the Attica State Prison lie on the ground or are walked with their hands above their heads as authorities retake control of the facility, September 1971. Nelson: There was a scene of hundreds of dead and wounded lying on the ground, and the law enforcement had completely taken over the prison. But it didn't stop there. Then it just was a scene of various tortures. L.D. Barkley, who was one of the leaders, was sought out and murdered. The prisoners were made to crawl through the latrines that they had dug, through human waste. They were told that if they lifted their heads, they would be killed.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.27.48 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T22:28:53+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.25.33 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T22:27:18+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Army helicopter over Attica1An Army helicopter makes a low pass over the Attica Correctional Facility on September 13, 1971. Troops fired tear gas shells into the prison D Yard. Nelson: The helicopter kept broadcasting over and over again, "Surrender with your hands up. You will not be harmed. Surrender and you will not be harmed." But there was nowhere to surrender to. Again, they were up on the catwalks, just firing down. So no, there was no way to surrender, because there was nobody to surrender to.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.25.33 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T22:27:18+00:00September 13, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.24.07 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T22:25:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: State troopers prepare to retake Attica 31Armed officers walk by the entrance to the Attica Correctional Facility, in Attica, NY, in the aftermath of the riot at the prison, September 1971. It was really a law enforcement riot. Over 500 law enforcement agents, state troopers and ex-prison guards, whatever, stormed the prison with rifles, shotguns. And they were up on the catwalks and first tear gas was shot down on [the prisoners]. So it was all smoky and [law enforcement] really couldn't see anything. They were just firing down randomly at the prisoners. Again, I want to reiterate that they couldn't see what they were doing, so they just fired over and over again. There's one New York state surveillance tape of the riot, and it's unbelievable how long they were firing. It's about nine minutes of straight shooting down into the yard.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.24.07 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T22:25:14+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.23.21 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T22:23:43+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Close-up of prisoners with raised fists1Inmates of Attica state prison in upstate New York raise their fists to show solidarity in their demands during a negotiation session with state prisons Commissioner Russell Oswald, in this Sept. 10, 1971. Isolated in the far western corner of New York State (Attica is closer to Detroit than to New York City, where almost half of its prisoners come from), the prison in 1971 housed nearly 2,300 men who were permitted only one shower a week and provided a single roll of toilet paper each month (“one sheet per day,” went the saying). Men regularly went to bed hungry, as the state spent just 63 cents per prisoner per day for food.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.23.21 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T22:23:43+00:00September 10, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.26.23 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:27:23+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners negotiate1Inmates of the Attica Correctional Facility negotiating with Russell G. Oswald, the state prisons commissioner, in September 1971. Puerto Rican prisoners suffered special discrimination; prisoner mail was censored, and since corrections officers couldn’t read Spanish, they simply tossed those letters in the trash. Black prisoners had it worst of all, as they were relegated to the lowest-paid jobs and racially harassed by the prison’s almost all-white staff.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.26.23 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:27:23+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.21.40 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T22:22:24+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners with makeshift amor in a hallway1Inmates at Attica Correctional Facility during the 1971 uprising that ended with 39 people fatally shot when armed state troopers stormed the prison. Many reforms promised in the wake of the revolt have yet to materialize. Overcrowding contributed to the poor conditions, as in recent years the prison population had increased from the 1,200 prisoners for which it was designed to 2,243.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 3.21.40 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T22:22:24+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.47.21 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:48:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners stripped naked after state troopers stormed Attica1Prisoners with their hands on their heads and stripped of all clothes are lined up after guards regained control following the Attica prison riot in Attica, New York, Sept. 1971. The most sadistic crimes took place after state officials had full control of the prison. Prisoners were forced to strip naked and run through a gantlet of 30 to 40 corrections officers who took turns beating them with batons. One National Guardsman described seeing a gravely injured black man being attacked by a corrections officer. “They forced him to his knees, and at that point, the correction sergeant backed up a short distance and then ran forward and kicked the man in the face…He immediately went limp and his head was hanging down, he was bleeding.” Another Guardsman recalled watching medical staff join in the abuse. He saw a doctor “speaking to the inmates and saying: ‘You say you’re hurt? You’re not hurt. We’ll see if you’re hurt.’ ” Instead of attending to their wounds, the doctor began kicking and hitting them.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.47.21 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:48:56+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.45.17 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:46:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Vacant yard after state troopers stormed Attica1The vacant prison yard strewn with debris at the Attica State Correctional Facility in Attica, New York, on September 14, 1971. What survivors hoped to see was insider information about the retaking of Attica. Finally getting to read volumes two and three of this report might mean, for example, that surviving hostage Michael Smith could finally find out who had riddled his lower abdomen with bullets, almost killing him and causing him years of agony. These volumes might also allow Traycee Barkley, the younger sister of slain 21-year-old prisoner L.D. Barkley to learn who had shot her brother to death and perhaps also to learn whether in fact, as various prisoners as well as respected state assemblyman observer Arthur Eve kept insisting back in 1971, he was shot to death after the retaking was complete. Or possibly the family of Attica prisoner Kenny Malloy might finally learn the name of the trooper who not only shot him to death, but also then proceeded to shoot out his eyes. Maybe the family of correction officer John Monteleone could finally learn how he ended up bleeding to death from a bullet wound to his chest.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.45.17 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:46:49+00:00September 14, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.11.22 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:15:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts in Boyle Heights1“George Rodriguez, Boyle Heights, 1968. ‘Some kid got hit on the head by the cops during the Walkouts. I called these images ‘a field day for the heat.’ They were just kids.’”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.11.22 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:15:10+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Protest for Trayvon gettyimages-142192875_thumb.jpeg2022-02-04T21:59:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a492012 The fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin1An unarmed black teenager, in Florida by an armed neighborhood-watch volunteer prompts Obama to say: “If I had a son, he’d look like Trayvon.” The man who shot Martin is found not guilty of second-degree murder and acquitted of manslaughter, a lesser charge. But some protesters claim Martin was only stopped because of racial profiling. After Martin’s parents raised concerns about the police investigation into the death of their son, who had no criminal record, the case gained national attention. Protest rallies were held in cities nationwide, including New York City, where on March 21 hundreds of people gathered for the Million Hoodie March and demanded justice for Martin, who many believed Zimmerman had profiled as suspicious and threatening simply because the teen was Black. Two days later, President Barack Obama said of the shooting: “If I had a son, he would look like Trayvon.” In addition to raising a national debate about race relations, the shooting drew attention to Florida’s controversial Stand Your Ground law, which allows people to use lethal force if they fear for their safety and does not require them to retreat from a dangerous situation, even when it’s possible to do so. On April 11, 2012, following weeks of demonstrations, a special prosecutor appointed by Florida’s governor charged Zimmerman with second-degree murder. He pleaded not guilty and the case went to trial in June 2013. In court, the prosecution portrayed Zimmerman as a wannabe cop who had profiled Martin as a criminal, chased him down and fought him. Prosecutors also tried to poke holes in Zimmerman’s self-defense claim by pointing to inconsistencies in his statements to the police. Defense attorneys for Zimmerman, who did not take the stand, contended he only shot Martin after the teen attacked him. On July 13, after deliberating for 16 hours over two days, a jury of six women found Zimmerman not guilty. (https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/florida-teen-trayvon-martin-is-shot-and-killed)media/Protest for Trayvon gettyimages-142192875.jpegplain2022-02-04T21:59:56+00:002012Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Rodney King is seen leaving County Jail_thumb.jpeg2022-06-28T00:46:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491991 Rodney King is seen leaving LA County Jail on March 71On March 3, 1991, King's savage beating by Los Angeles police was caught on tape by a bystander watching from his balcony. LA had a long history of police brutality, but now we were all witnessing it first-hand on our TVs. Watching the beating was especially jarring for me because King and I had grown up in the same Pasadena-Altadena community. We'd gone to school together. We weren't close, but I knew him — who went by Glen, never Rodney — as a gentle, friendly kid. The four police — Sgt. Stacey Koon and officers Laurence Powell, Theodore Briseno, and Timothy Wind — went on trial the next year. Adding to public anger, the trial was moved from LA to Simi Valley, a predominantly white "cop town" northwest of the city.media/Rodney King is seen leaving County Jail.jpegplain2022-06-28T00:46:32+00:001991Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/In July 1967, the beating of a black cab driver by white police officers began a six-day riot in Newark, New Jersey, leading to the deployment of the National Guard. PHOTOGRAPH BY MEL FINKELSTEIN, NY DAILY NEWS ARCHIVE:GETTY IMAGES_thumb.png2022-07-09T00:14:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 - Newark, New Jersey Riot1In July 1967, the beating of a black cab driver by white police officers began a six-day riot in Newark, New Jersey, leading to the deployment of the National Guard. PHOTOGRAPH BY MEL FINKELSTEIN, NY DAILY NEWS ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGESmedia/In July 1967, the beating of a black cab driver by white police officers began a six-day riot in Newark, New Jersey, leading to the deployment of the National Guard. PHOTOGRAPH BY MEL FINKELSTEIN, NY DAILY NEWS ARCHIVE:GETTY IMAGES.pngplain2022-07-09T00:14:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-08-03 at 4.32.13 PM_thumb.png2022-08-03T23:48:19+00:00Isa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e81966 Police Search Black Youth1Following the Watts Uprisings, The LAPD, aided by the LA county sheriffs, subjected Los Angeles to such a fanatic and all-encompassing campaign to police space and control the night. Photograph: Everett/Rex Shutterstockmedia/Screen Shot 2022-08-03 at 4.32.13 PM.pngplain2022-08-03T23:48:19+00:001966#Policing, #LAPD, #Police violenceIsa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e8
1media/Chief_Parker_fights_for_tougher_laws_against_narcotic_peddlers_thumb.jpg2022-08-04T00:00:31+00:00Isa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e81960 LAPD Chief Parker Presents on Drug Cases1Chief Parker is shown using an illustrated chart explaining the four major drug cases investigated by his department in 1959. The chart was used in his fight for tougher laws against narcotics peddlers. Photo was taken on Friday, April 1, 1960.media/Chief_Parker_fights_for_tougher_laws_against_narcotic_peddlers.jpgplain2022-08-04T00:00:31+00:001960#chief parker, #LAPD, #Police violenceIsa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e8
1media/Check_points_Watts_Riots_thumb.jpg2022-08-04T00:44:29+00:00Isa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e81965 Volkswagon Stopped at Police Check Point in Watts1Driver of a volkswagon is detained, while two officers search the trunk for any stolen loot from rioting in the Watts area. National Guardsmen with rifles stand in the background. Photo dated: August 16, 1965.media/Check_points_Watts_Riots.jpgplain2022-08-04T00:44:29+00:001965#Watts Uprising, #Watts, #Check Point, #LAPDIsa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e8
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.02.16 PM_thumb.png2022-10-13T00:07:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Article from July issue of El Malcriado1July 1970 Article from Delano, CA newspaper El Malcriado: The Voice of the Farm Workermedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.02.16 PM.pngplain2022-10-13T00:07:58+00:00July, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.43.34 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:45:09+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prison retaken, prisoners and corpses on the ground1Inmates in Attica’s D yard shortly after state troopers regained control of the prison, September 13, 1971. The savagery that followed the decision to retake the prison was both predictable and avoidable. The prisoners had no guns themselves, yet the troopers — untrained, unsupervised and out for vengeance — began shooting wildly upon entering. Among the first to die were corrections officers held as hostages, as well as the prisoners who had been guarding them. Thirty-nine people — 29 prisoners and 10 hostages — would be killed.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.43.34 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:45:09+00:00September 13, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 1.53.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:20:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts at Venice High School1WALKOUT AT VENICE--Police stand guard at Venice High School where about half the 3,000-member student body left classes during the lunch hour. Hundreds of students gathered in front of the school and police declared gathering was unlawful. Twelve were arrested.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 1.53.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:20:32+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.21.00 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:24:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Female student being arrested at Venice High School Walkout1LOS ANGELES, CA - MARCH 12: Image originally published on March 13, 1968--Police struggle to arrest a female student at Venice High School during a clash with 1,000 students. She was accused of using obscene and abusive language. Eight people were arrested. March 1, 1968: Over 15,000 Chicanos, students, faculty, and community members, walk out of seven East L.A. high schools. Those schools included: Garfield, Roosevelt, Lincoln, Belmont, Wilson, Venice, and Jefferson High School. Some students from East L.A. junior high schools join the protests, as wellmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.21.00 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:24:42+00:00March 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.13.34 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:14:04+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners Raise Fists1Attica prisoners raise fists in support of demands made during prison uprising, Sept. 10, 1971. “The most direct effect of the George Jackson murder was the rebellion at Attica prison — a rebellion that came from long, deep grievance, 54% of the inmates were black; 100% of the guards were white. Prisoners spent 14 to 16 hours a day in their cells, their mail was read, their reading material restricted, their visits from families conducted through a mesh screen, their medical care disgraceful, their parole system inequitable, racism everywhere.” - Howard Zinn.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.13.34 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:14:04+00:00September 10, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.14.20 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:18:11+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners raise fists during negotiations1Rebellious inmates at the Attica Correctional Facility giving the black power salute during negotiations of the takeover. Manifesto of Demands: We, the men of Attica Prison, have been committed to the New York State Department of Corrections by the people of society for the purpose of correcting what has been deemed as social errors in behaviour. Errors which have classified us as socially unacceptable until reprogrammed with new values and more thorough understanding as to our values and responsibilities as members of the outside community. The Attica Prison program in its structure and conditions have been enslaved on the pages of this Manifesto of Demands with the blood, sweat, and tears of the inmates of this prison. The program which we are submitted to under the façade of rehabilitation are relative to the ancient stupidity of pouring water on a drowning man, inasmuch as we are treated for our hostilities by our program administrators with their hostility as medication. In our efforts to comprehend on a feeling level an existence contrary to violence, we are confronted by our captors with what is fair and just, we are victimized by the exploitation and the denial of the celebrated due process of law. In our peaceful efforts to assemble in dissent as provided under this nation’s U.S. Constitution, we are in turn murdered, brutalized, and framed on various criminal charges because we seek the rights and privileges of all American People.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.14.20 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:18:11+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.33.52 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:35:13+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: Prisoners meeting1Inmates at Attica prison during the 1971 uprising. Drawing strength from the civil rights activism of the era, Attica’s prisoners lobbied to improve their living conditions. But all they got were vague, unfulfilled promises. After months of mounting tensions, on Sept. 9, 1971, a group of prisoners saw a chance to overpower an officer. The Attica riot was underway.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.33.52 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:35:13+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.35.44 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:36:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: State troopers prepare to retake Attica1State troopers prepare to retake Attica Prison, Attica, New York. September 1971 . Prison leaders quickly sought to negotiate with Gov. Nelson Rockefeller and other state officials, conditioning their surrender on the granting of 33 demands. These included better education, less mail censorship, more religious freedom, fairer disciplinary and parole processes and, most controversially, amnesty for crimes committed in the course of the riot itself.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.35.44 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:36:50+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.37.54 PM_thumb.png2023-03-20T21:38:59+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Attica Rebellion: State troopers prepare to retake Attica 21Armed officers walk by the entrance to the Attica Correctional Facility, in Attica, NY, in the aftermath of the riot at the prison, September 1971. Negotiations were led by a group of journalists, politicians and prison reformers, including the radical civil rights attorney William Kunstler and the New York Times columnist Tom Wicker. Shuttling between prisoners in the yard and state authorities gathered outside, the negotiators worked heroically toward a settlement. But Rockefeller was uncompromising, and after refusing to go to Attica to join the negotiations himself, he abandoned talks and ordered state troopers to “retake” the prison.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-20 at 2.37.54 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T21:38:59+00:00September, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49