Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los AngelesMain MenuResearch of the DecadesResearch1960s Illustration DevelopmentIllustration DevelopmentPlaylists of the DecadesPlaylistssparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fcGreat Wall Institute - Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
The Black Panther Party for Self Defense was a revolutionary organization that was part of the Black Power movement and inspired by the self determination philosophy of Malcolm X. First established in 1966 by Huey P Newton and Bobby Seale as a neighborhood patrol for self defense against police brutality in Oakland, the Panthers quickly grew in influence.They eventually developed into a Black nationalist group having over 5,000 members with multiple chapters in major cities like Chicago, Seattle, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and New York. The BPP sought not to integrate into society but to change it fundamentally, focusing on a 10 point program to emphasize their ideals and address the needs of the Black community. Taking these needs into their own hands, the Panthers organized free health clinics where they offered testing for sickle cell anemia. They also had free breakfast and education programs for school children. Through their food programs, BPP was feeding more children than the U.S. government. The Black Panthers served as an example for government social programs that had since failed to provide free breakfast on such a scale. The Black Panthers also served as an example for other ethnic solidarity groups like the Brown Berets in Los Angeles and the Young Lords founded in New York.
Despite their positive societal impact, the media often portrayed the Black Panther Party as a terrorist group because of their militant approach. Through the FBI, The U.S. government created a counterintelligence program to illegally manipulate information and sabotage the party. This tension reached its height in 1969 when the Chicago Police Department raided the apartment where various BPP members were staying and opened fire killing two of the party’s leaders. This same year LAPD raided the South California Panther headquarter which resulted in a four hour standoff and the creation of the first SWAT team.
In an interview with SPARC, former Minister of Culture and Black Panther artist Emory Douglas remembers his experiences in the BPP. Douglas designed most of the Black Panther Party’s official newspapers. Distributed across the country the paper featured art, events, resources, calls to action, and both national and international stories. In alignment with their coalition politics, pages of the paper often included pieces on Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
Sources:
“A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: The Black Panther Party.” Vernon E. Jordan Law Library , Howard University School of Law, library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/bpp. Accessed 26 Oct. 2023.
“The Black Panther Party: Challenging Police and Promoting Social Change.” National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian, 23 Aug. 2020, nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-panther-party-challenging-police-and-promoting-social-change.
Easley, Barbara. “The Black Panther Party.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power/black-panthers. Accessed 26 Oct. 2023.
Hermida, Arianne. “Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities.” Mapping American Social Movements Project, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium / University of Washington, depts.washington.edu/moves/BPP_map-cities.shtml. Accessed 26 Oct. 2023.
Jones, Charles E., and Ollie A. Johnson. “Explaining the Demise of The Black Panther Party.” The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered), Black Classic Press, Baltimore, MD, 2005, pp. 391–414. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ollie-a-johnson-iii-explaining-the-demise-of-the-black-panther-party
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-09 at 5.12.11 PM.png2023-07-19T19:29:37+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Research Timelinesparcinla.org681960s Focused Researchtimeline18402024-03-27T23:36:21+00:00sparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fc
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1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.53.01 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:53:16+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Free Breakfast Program1The Free Breakfast for School Children Program was a community service program run by the Black Panther Party. Inspired by contemporary research about the essential role of breakfast for optimal schooling, the Panthers would cook and serve food to the poor inner city youth of the area. Initiated in January 1969 at St. Augustine's Church in Oakland, the program became so popular that by the end of the year, the Panthers setup kitchens in cities across the US, feeding more than 10,000 children every day before they went to school. Bobby Seale believed that "no kid should be running around hungry in school," a simple credo that lead FBI director J. Edgar Hoover to call the breakfast program, "the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for. sourcemedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.53.01 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:53:16+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12021-12-02T01:10:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49The Black Panther Party1Founded in 1961plain2021-12-02T01:10:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/FBI Wanted Poster Angela Davis_thumb.jpeg2022-09-26T19:08:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49FBI Wanted Poster Angela Davis, Black Panther Party, American, 1966 - 19821FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) wanted poster for Angela Yvonne Davis. The poster features two pictures of Davis as well as descriptive information about her physical features. The poster also details information about why she is wanted by the FBI. The back of the poster has a list of addresses and telephone numbers of the FBI special agents who should be contacted with any information.media/FBI Wanted Poster Angela Davis.jpegplain2022-09-26T19:08:14+00:001960s20191011An FBI wanted poster for Angela Yvonne Davis. Edited for PII2012.60.82014-0072Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of African American History and Culture.The Smithsonian continues to research information on its collections. Contact Smithsonian for current status.Lisa AckermanGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/First Lecture Royce Hall 1969_thumb.jpeg2022-01-25T23:01:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 UCLA philosophy department hired Angela Davis1She was mentored by Herbert Marcuse, a Marxists thinker who was hugely influential during this era. Un undercover agent exposed her membership to the Communist party and while the Regents fired her, the courts promptly reinstated her. She gave her first lecture at UCLA in October of 1969. 2000 students attended the lecture.media/First Lecture Royce Hall 1969.jpegplain2022-01-25T23:01:53+00:00October 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Protest march to City Hall 1969- LAPD attacked Black Panther Headquarters_thumb.jpeg2022-01-26T01:07:35+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49December 1969 LAPD attack on the Black Panther Headquarter "one of the biggest shootouts in American History"- La Times1Angela Davis led a protest march to LA City Hall and spoke from the stepsmedia/Protest march to City Hall 1969- LAPD attacked Black Panther Headquarters.jpegplain2022-01-26T01:07:35+00:00December 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-01-27 at 5.53.21 PM_thumb.png2022-01-28T01:53:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Bunchy Carter and John Huggins murdered on UCLA Campus1https://dailybruin.com/2019/01/17/throwback-thursday-fifty-year-anniversary-of-bunchy-carter-john-huggins-shooting - The two Black Panther leaders were members of the Black Student Union, as well as a part of the High Potential Program, a program meant to increase opportunities in higher education for minority students. Tension between the Black Panthers and the US Organization was at the heart of the shooting. The US Organization and the Panthers were, at the time, vying for control of black student organizations at the collegiate and high school level. Simultaneously, the FBI was attempting to stoke tensions between the two groups through efforts that included its largely illegal surveillance program, COINTELPRO. In January 1969, the two groups backed different individuals for the role of director of the newly created Afro-American Center, now known as the Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. The US Organization put forward a black psychologist with minimal background in academia as its choice. Chancellor Charles Young initially was willing to accept the choice, until a dispute arose over salary. Then, BSU announced it had reservations and wanted a different candidate, one with both an academic background and commitment to the black community. On Friday, Jan. 17, 1969, about 150 BSU members met in Campbell Hall to talk about the qualifications for the director. After the adjournment of the meeting, Harold “Tuwala” Jones entered the room and Huggins confronted him about the harassment of a fellow Panther. As a fight broke out between the two, Carter tried to intervene. Then Claude “Chuchessa” Hubert came in and shot Huggins in the back. Huggins, who was armed, fired a couple of shots back as he fell, wounded. Carter attempted to find cover behind a chair but was also shot by Hubert. “Chuchessa shot through the chair and killed him instantly,” recalled J. Daniel Johnson, a student who was present in the room, in 2008. In seconds, it was all over and two men were dead. After the shooting, university police worked in 12-hour shifts until Wednesday, Jan. 22. Police issued a bulletin announcing George Stiner and Larry Stiner as suspects, after witnesses had identified them at the scene of the shooting. George Stiner, who was also a BSU member and a part of the High Potential program, surrendered to police on Monday afternoon. His younger brother Larry surrendered later that night. The brothers eventually received life sentences based on charges of conspiracy to commit murder. Hubert, the suspected murderer of the two men, was never caught. In its private communications, the FBI reacted to the murders with some satisfaction. “It would appear that the above activity will even further split the factions of the US Group and the BPP,” reads a memo from an FBI special agent in charge office in San Diego dated Jan. 20. Chancellor Young issued two statements following the incident. “Personally we are deeply grieved by the death of these two young men who were our students,” his first statement said. “The tragic events of last Friday have in no way diminished our resolve to offer broader educational opportunities on this campus,” he added in the second statement. Reactions from campus members were generally somber. “They were doing well, they were capable and potential leaders … it was a terrible thing,” said Thomas Robischon, a faculty advisor to the High Potential Program. Unsurprisingly, most students the Bruin reached out to, especially black students, did not want to speak to the paper so soon after the shooting. According to the an article from Jan. 21, white students largely wanted to keep themselves out of the matter, with their reaction being summed up by student Mike Shatzkin, in quintessential 60s fashion: “It’s none of my dad-gummed business.” Huggins’ body was sent to his family in New Haven, Connecticut, while the funeral for Carter was held on Jan. 24. Among those in attendance were James Baldwin and Kathleen Cleaver. The campus community quickly recovered following the incident, with BSU resuming meetings on Jan. 31. The High Potential Program resumed classes on the Tuesday after the shooting. Half a century later, the program still lives on. UCLA consolidated it with the Educational Opportunity Program in 1971 to create the Academic Advancement Program. The AAP currently serves over 5,000 students from underrepresented groups at UCLA. And Campbell Hall still serves as the hub for this program. But for years after the shooting, there was no marking or sign to denote that such an incident had taken place in Campbell Hall. But the shooting hasn’t completely dropped out of the student body’s collective memory. Since 1999, family and friends of Carter and Huggins, and other students have gathered annually at Campbell Hall to remember the two. In 2010, students hung a plaque in front of Room 1201 in honor of them. And students have called regularly for Campbell Hall to be renamed Carter-Huggins Hall. So far, UCLA administration has ignored such requests. After all, they were just activists, not rich megadonors filling UCLA’s coffers. So for now, the stone in front of Campbell Hall will continue to memorialize Carter and Huggins. -media/Screen Shot 2022-01-27 at 5.53.21 PM.pngplain2022-01-28T01:53:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Bunchy Carter and John Huggins_thumb.jpeg2022-01-28T01:46:26+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 John Huggins and Bunchy Carter, two LA Black Panthers, murdered on campus at UCLA4Ron Karenga, the head of US, was ins the forefront of protest in in 1967 in L.A., projecting a fierce image of Black Power militancy. The FBI's COINTELPRO provoked conflict between US and the Panthers, and most of the left blamed Karenga for the 1969 murder of two LA panthers on the UCLA campus - but it's doubtful he had foreknowledge of the killings. - Wiener and Davismedia/Bunchy Carter and John Huggins.jpegplain2022-02-04T23:30:46+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.53.24 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:54:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Free Breakfast Program1Bill Whitfield serving free breakfast to children in April 1969. The Panthers' breakfast program started in January 1969 at St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church in Oakland. Ruth Beckford-Smith, a parishioner who taught Haitian dance at the church, volunteered to be one of the program’s co-organizers. Eleven children ate at St. Augustine’s on the first day. By the end of the year, the organization fed 20,000 kids in 19 cities across the country in the morning before they went to school.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.53.24 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:54:12+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.57.41 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:58:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Breakfast Program1Panthers serving children free breakfast, Sacred Heart Church, San Francisco. Between 1969 and 1971, the Panthers established 36 breakfast programs across the country from Kansas City to New York City. It’s estimated that over time, the Panthers fed 50,000 across the country through their program. "The Panthers are feeding more kids than we are," one US government official reportedly admitted. With each mouth fed, it became increasingly difficult for government officials like Hoover to portray the Panthers in a negative light.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.57.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:58:55+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.59.05 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:59:41+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Breakfast Program1Boys eat during a free breakfast in New York, winter 1969. Their work ultimately inspired amendments to the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 and served as the blueprint for establishing the government’s School Breakfast Program as a permanent program in 1975. According to the Food Research and Action Center, on average 13.2 million children received a free meal through that program each day during the 2013-'14 school yearmedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.59.05 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:59:41+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.00.46 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:01:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Breakfast Program1A Panther serving breakfast to a group of youngers. Billy X Jennings, a former Panther who now serves as the party’s archivist, worked at the original breakfast program at St Augustine’s. “Every office was required to send two people to learn how it ran so you can open one in your area,” he said. Jennings would work at St Augustine’s early in the morning before heading to class at Laney College. Soon after, the breakfast service expanded to 23 locations around Oaklandmedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.00.46 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:01:25+00:001960sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.01.41 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:02:24+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Breakfast Program1Children at the Black Panthers’ free breakfast program, 1971. “This is one of the biggest and baddest things we ever did,” Jennings said. “And it’s still functioning across America … That’s what a vanguard party does. We set examples for people to follow.” Though the breakfast program is the most famous of the party’s Survival Programs, more than 60 others directly addressed the needs of the black community that were being systematically ignored.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.01.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:02:24+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.03.20 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:04:41+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Health Clinics1"Testing for sickle cell anaemia, Late 1960s or Early 1970s, Oakland, California. As Fred Hampton is often quoted as saying in an undated speech, “First you have free breakfasts, then you have free medical care, then you have free bus rides, and soon you have FREEDOM!” The Black Panthers’ emphasis on providing community health services grew out of a deep distrust in minority communities towards the traditional health care system, which they saw as potentially dangerous to themselves and their families"media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.03.20 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:04:41+00:001970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.04.47 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:05:48+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Health Clinics1"Boston’s Franklin Lynch PFMC, located in a trailer parked on a city street. Clinics varied by chapter and according to each chapter’s resources. This mission was frequently manifested as activist-run no-cost or low-cost clinics, such as the Panthers’ PFMCs. Consistent with the period’s anti authoritarian zeitgeist, activists encouraged patients to have a voice in the medical encounter and urged laypeople to claim the mantle of expertise by taking a hand in their healthcare—and, sometimes, in producing medical knowledge as well. The democratization of both medical practice and biomedical knowledge, often in the clinic setting, was a tactical cornerstone of radical health politics"media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.04.47 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:05:48+00:001970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.02.35 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:03:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Health Clinics1Testing for sickle cell anaemia at the Black Community Survival Conference, 30 March 1972, Oakland, California. Jennings recounts other schemes including a free of charge senior escort program, a monthly bus to prisons to see incarcerated loved ones, and the establishment of 13 medical clinics across the country.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.02.35 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:03:14+00:001972Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.06.01 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:07:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Health Clinics1"A flyer announces the opening of the Bobby Seale PFMC in Berkeley in April 1971. With the formal establishment of a national network of PFMCs, health politics came to have an integral role in the Party’s plan to “serve the people, body and soul.” The plan to expand the clinic program was first announced by the Party’s minister of education Ray “Masai” Hewitt at a press conference in the fall of 1969. PFMCs were launched as early as 1968 in several cities, including Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; and Seattle, with Portland following suit in 1969. The Los Angeles chapter’s Alprentice “Bunchy” Carter Clinic, located in the Watts neighborhood, opened in late December 1969. Soon after the clinic mandate was handed down, Panther clinics were launched in New York, Cleveland, Boston, Winston-Salem, and Philadelphia"media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.06.01 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:07:00+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.06.54 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T20:07:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Health Clinics1Healthcare services were coupled with other social services at the PFMCs, as shown on this flyer from 1970 advertising Los Angeles’s Alprentice Bunchy Carter clinic. The equipment necessary to operate the PFMCs was begged, borrowed, purchased, scavenged, and sometimes just appeared on the doorstep.136 Businesses, churches, and other organizations provided financial support for the Party’s health programs. Pharmaceutical companies donated drugs to the Black Panther clinics in Oregon.137 Corporate donations were similarly an important source of support for the Seattle chapter.138 Kupers, who helped shape the Los Angeles chapter’s Bunchy Carter People’s Free Medical Clinic, and Small sought donations from medical supply and pharmaceutical companies on behalf of the Panthersmedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 1.06.54 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T20:07:42+00:001970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12022-07-20T00:10:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Huey1Huey P. Newton, in full Huey Percy Newton, (born February 17, 1942, Monroe, Louisiana, U.S.—died August 22, 1989, Oakland, California), American political activist, cofounder (with Bobby Seale) of the Black Panther Party (originally called Black Panther Party for Self-Defense). An illiterate high-school graduate, Newton taught himself how to read before attending Merritt College in Oakland and the San Francisco School of Law. While at Merritt he met Seale. In Oakland in 1966 they formed the Black Panther group in response to incidents of alleged police brutality and racism and as an illustration of the need for Black self-reliance. At the height of its popularity during the late 1960s, the party had 2,000 members in chapters in several cities. In 1967 Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in the death of a police officer. His imprisonment sparked protests—and the popular rallying cry “Free Huey.” His conviction was overturned in 1970, and he was released from prison. In 1971 he announced that the party would adopt a nonviolent manifesto and dedicate itself to providing social services to the Black community, which included free meals for children and health clinics. In 1974 Newton was accused of another murder and fled to Cuba for three years before returning to face charges; two trials resulted in hung juries.plain2022-07-20T00:10:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12022-02-04T23:23:10+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61969 Killing of Bunchy Carter & John Huggins UCLA35 minute video detailing Black Panther and Us Organization conflict. Ron Karenga mentioned. Documentary made in 2017.plain2022-02-04T23:28:37+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Black_Panther_Dec_1969_thumb.png2022-01-19T23:19:11+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61969 Black Panther LA Headquarters SWAT Raid2Description: 8 December- A Black Panther surrenders to police after a four-hour confrontation at the party headquarters in Los Angeles, Dec. 9, 1969. (Wally Fong / Associated Press) Reflection of event: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-12-08/50-years-swat-black-panthers-militarized-policinglos-angelesmedia/Black_Panther_Dec_1969.pngplain2022-01-19T23:27:24+00:001969Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Bunchy Carter and John Huggins_thumb.jpeg2022-01-28T01:46:26+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 John Huggins and Bunchy Carter, two LA Black Panthers, murdered on campus at UCLA4Ron Karenga, the head of US, was ins the forefront of protest in in 1967 in L.A., projecting a fierce image of Black Power militancy. The FBI's COINTELPRO provoked conflict between US and the Panthers, and most of the left blamed Karenga for the 1969 murder of two LA panthers on the UCLA campus - but it's doubtful he had foreknowledge of the killings. - Wiener and Davismedia/Bunchy Carter and John Huggins.jpegplain2022-02-04T23:30:46+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.45.14 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:48:26+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 LAPD launched assault on the LA Black Panther headquarters1LAPD launched predawn assault on the LA Black Panther headquarters at 41st and Central in Watts. The Panthers fought back against a vicious military assault.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.45.14 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:48:26+00:00"In the early morning hours of Dec. 8, 1969, Bernard Arafat awoke to explosions rocking the library of the Black Panthers’ 41st and Central Avenue headquarters in Los Angeles. Above him, footsteps stomped across the roof. Then gunfire erupted. Arafat wasn’t a seasoned Panther. He was a 17-year-old runaway from juvenile hall whose parents had both died when he was 13. After years of committing small-time crimes, Arafat was taken in by the Panthers and gained a sense of purpose. He helped with the organization’s breakfast program, feeding hungry kids on their way to school. Arafat had never fired a gun. But as he listened to the sound of bullets and heard the screams of his fellow Panthers, he made a decision. “I found an automatic shotgun and defended myself.” Arafat didn’t know it then, but he was part of an experiment in policing. On that morning 50 years ago, the Panthers became the targets of the world’s first major raid by a Special Weapons and Tactics, or SWAT, team. More than 350 officers took on 13 Panthers, ostensibly to execute arrest warrants. The group they battled included three women and five teenagers." - Matthew Fleischer, LA Times1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.49.43 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:51:43+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Los Angeles, Police officers hold two members of the Black Panther Party under arrest1After police laid seige to the Negro militant party headquarters in the pre-dawn hours. Three Police officers were reported shot when they attempted to enter the building with warrants to search fro arms reported Stored there. UPI Telephotomedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.49.43 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:51:43+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.37.22 AM_thumb.png2023-03-27T18:38:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Stokely: A Life1As biographer Peniel E. Joseph writes in Stokely: A Life, the events in Mississippi “catapulted Stokely into the political space last occupied by Malcolm X,” as he went on TV news shows, was profiled in Ebony and written up in the New York Times under the headline “Black Power Prophet.” Carmichael’s growing prominence put him at odds with King, who acknowledged the frustration among many African Americans with the slow pace of change, but didn’t see violence and separatism as a viable path forward. With the country mired in the Vietnam War, (a war both Carmichael and King spoke out against) and the civil rights movement King had championed losing momentum, the message of the Black Power movement caught on with an increasing number of Black Americans. King and Carmichael renewed their alliance in early 1968, as King was planning his Poor People’s Campaign, which aimed to bring thousands of protesters to Washington, D.C., to call for an end to poverty. But in April 1968, King was assassinated in Memphis while in town to support a strike by the city’s sanitation workers as part of that campaign. In the aftermath of King’s murder, a mass outpouring of grief and anger led to riots in more than 100 U.S. cities. Later that year, one of the most visible Black Power demonstrations took place at the Summer Olympics in Mexico City, where Black athletes John Carlos and Tommie Smith raised black-gloved fists in the air on the medal podium. By 1970, Carmichael (who later changed his name to Kwame Ture) had moved to Africa, and SNCC had been supplanted at the forefront of the Black Power movement by more militant groups, such as the Black Panther Party, the US Organization, the Republic of New Africa and others, who saw themselves as the heirs to Malcolm X’s revolutionary philosophy.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.37.22 AM.pngplain2023-03-27T18:38:30+00:001970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/womens-liberation-1969-19044648-56aa27b85f9b58b7d0010ebc_thumb.jpeg2022-07-28T23:40:48+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Women's Liberation group marches in protest in support of Black Panther Party1Women's Liberation group marches in protest in support of Black Panther Party, New Haven, November, 1969.media/womens-liberation-1969-19044648-56aa27b85f9b58b7d0010ebc.jpegplain2022-07-28T23:40:48+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.04.58 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T21:10:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970s Flier for "The Struggle for National Democracy in the Philippines"2This flier advertises an event titled "The Struggle for National Democracy in the Philippines" which was sponsored by the Union of Democratic Filipinos and Liberation Books. A sideshow, songs and discussion are advertised. In this movement, Asian Americans, who had individually become involved with the causes of the times, drew together to address their own racial status and identity. They confronted enduring stereotypes of the unassimilable heathen, the Yellow Peril, and the perpetual foreigner. This generation of students faced the model minority myth, that Asian American students were expected to be hard-working, studious, and quiet even in the face of discrimination. While many sought to assimilate to mainstream Anglo-American cultural norms, they soon recognized that they could not assimilate fully into the white mainstream. The other racial model for Asian Americans was the Black Power movement, which rejected American racism and promoted Black autonomy, racial pride, and community control. For those African American activists, the ideologies of self-determination and cultural nationalism became realized through militant organizations, a flowering of Black arts and expression, and a reclamation of indigenous and ethnic histories. Some of the subsequent Asian American organizations, such as the Red Guard, modeled themselves partially after the Black Panthers, while others were more connected to diasporic movements, such as the Union of Democratic Filipinos, which was also involved in opposing martial law in the Philippines.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.04.58 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T21:13:49+00:001970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/To Protect and Serve_thumb.jpeg2022-02-01T20:12:28+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491992 To Protect and Serve - POLICE BRUTALITY and institutional racist violence toward African-Americans1By Noni Olabasi Moe Hair Salon 3406 11th Avenue Los Angeles. This history of the Black Panther Party was originally selected as one of SPARC’s Great Wall Unlimited: Neighborhood Pride Murals. However, after opposition and political the conservative City Arts Commission, the mural was turned into an independent project and funded with private donations. The left side focuses on personal and institutional racist violence toward African-Americans. Depicted are images of the Klan and Bobby Seale bound and gaged, as he was during the Chicago 7 Trail of the late 1960s–above him is judge Julius Hoffman who presided in that case. Huey Newton and Angela Davis are also portrayed. The right side of the mural emphasizes the Panthers’ social projects, such as the Free Breakfast Program. From the mural: We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black People! We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. All power to the people! A special thanks is offered to Hair Expressions and the community for their war and loving support.media/To Protect and Serve.jpegplain2022-02-01T20:12:28+00:001992Copyright 2007Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.43.30 PM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:44:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Black Panther Party Service to the People Programs1Image is of a 2008 edited volume that describes the various community programs instigated and led by the Black Panther Party. The text also includes images of these community programs.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 12.43.30 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:44:50+00:002008 Edited VolumeGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.25.14 AM_thumb.png2023-03-27T18:28:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Black Panthers from Sacramento, Free Huey Rally1Black Panthers from Sacramento, Free Huey Rally, Bobby Hutton Memorial Park, Oakland, Calif., No. 62, Aug. 25, 1968. Photograph by Pirkle Jones.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.25.14 AM.pngplain2023-03-27T18:28:05+00:00From PBS: "Newton had been charged with 1st degree murder, assault and kidnapping in October 1967. This brought the Black Panther Party into international prominence and made Huey a revolutionary icon during 3 years of rallies & protests by tens of thousands of people across North America to "Free Huey". As Roger points out though, once Huey was released, a new problem was created: "Yeah they freed Huey. Then Huey came out and they wanted Huey to free them and I keep trying to tell the people, I say people, that's the true power of the people, you freed me, you freed Huey, now why don't you all go ahead and free yourself? But see, they can't do that can they? They can't do that cause the people always have to create what they call a leader and a leader is everything that the people want to be but the leader is everything that the people can never be so then when the leader fails, he's gonna fail, he's just flesh and blood, he's gonna fail, when the leader fails then the whole construction of the concept of leadership fails and then it just becomes a matter of contempt. And that's when they assassinate you and then put your image on a postage stamp so they can keep lickin' you in the grave." August 35, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.57.06 AM_thumb.png2023-03-27T19:01:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Huey Rally1Kathleen Cleaver and Black Panther co-founder Bobby Seale (right) at a ‘Free Huey’ rally in Oakland, California, in the summer of 1968.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.57.06 AM.pngplain2023-03-27T19:01:52+00:00Newton was arrested on the day of the shooting on October 28, 1967, and pled not guilty to the murder of officer John Frey. The Black Panther Party immediately went to work organizing a coalition to rally behind Newton and champion his release. In December the Peace and Freedom Party, a majority white anti-war political organization, joined with the Black Panther Party in support of Newton.[42] This alliance served the dual purpose of legitimizing Newton's cause while boosting the credibility of the party within the community of more radical activists.[43] Under the leadership of the Black Panther Party and the Peace and Freedom Party, 5,000 protesters gathered in Oakland on Newton's birthday, February 17, 1968, in support of Newton. They garnered the attention of international news organizations, raising the profile of the party by astounding measures. The phrase "Free Huey!" was adopted as a rallying cry for the movement, and it was printed on buttons and T-shirts. Prominent Black Panther Kathleen Cleaver claimed the goal of the Free Huey! campaign was to elevate Newton as a symbol of everything the Black Panther Party stood for, creating something of a living martyr.[44] The trial, which began on July 15, quickly ascended beyond the scope of Newton himself, evolving into a racially-charged political movement. Over the two year course of Newton's original trial and two appeals, the coalition continued to offer its support until the charges were overturned and Newton was released on August 5, 1970.1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.21.58 AM_thumb.png2023-03-27T18:23:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49PANTHER POWER1Original Caption: PANTHER POWER---BLACK PANTHERS, TEENAGERS AND CHILDREN ALIKE, GIVE THE PANTHER BLACK POWER SALUTE OUTSIDE THEIR "LIBERATION SCHOOL" IN THE FILLMORE DISTRICT OF SAN FRANCISCO. DECEMBER 20, 1969. UPI B/W - By 1966, the civil rights movement had been gaining momentum for more than a decade, as thousands of African Americans embraced a strategy of nonviolent protest against racial segregation and demanded equal rights under the law. But for an increasing number of African Americans, particularly young Black men and women, that strategy did not go far enough. Protesting segregation, they believed, failed to adequately address the poverty and powerlessness that generations of systemic discrimination and racism had imposed on so many Black Americans. Inspired by the principles of racial pride, autonomy and self-determination expressed by Malcolm X (whose assassination in 1965 had brought even more attention to his ideas), as well as liberation movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America, the Black Power movement that flourished in the late 1960s and ‘70s argued that Black Americans should focus on creating economic, social and political power of their own, rather than seek integration into white-dominated society. Crucially, Black Power advocates, particularly more militant groups like the Black Panther Party, did not discount the use of violence, but embraced Malcolm X’s challenge to pursue freedom, equality and justice “by any means necessary.” Bettmann Archive/Getty ImagesPHOTOGRAPH.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-27 at 11.21.58 AM.pngplain2023-03-27T18:23:50+00:00Dec 20, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Black Panther Party_thumb.jpeg2021-12-02T01:10:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49The Black Panther Party1Founded in 1966media/Black Panther Party.jpegplain2021-12-02T01:10:54+00:001966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12023-03-27T20:27:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49The Black Panther Party1"The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP) was founded in October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality."plain2023-03-27T20:27:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-08-03 at 4.23.06 PM_thumb.png2022-08-03T23:25:50+00:00Isa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e81968 Eldridge Cleaver addresses an estimated 7,500 students at UCLA1The Black Panther minister of information, Eldridge Cleaver, addresses an estimated 7,500 students at UCLA in 1968. Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archive.media/Screen Shot 2022-08-03 at 4.23.06 PM.pngplain2022-08-03T23:25:50+00:001968#Black Panthers, #Eldridge Cleavertheguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/15/los-angeles-black-brown-activism-1960sIsa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e8
1media/Screen Shot 2022-01-27 at 5.33.50 PM_thumb.png2022-01-28T01:34:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Stokely Carmichael defines "black power" at the University of California's Greek Theatre in Berkeley114000 people were jammed in the Greek Theatre. He then went to L.A. where the County Board of Supervisors made an attempt to halt his scheduled speech in Watts. However, 6500 people showed up, invested to hear him say "that militant unity was the sole guarantee of Black survival - Mike Davis and Jon Wienermedia/Screen Shot 2022-01-27 at 5.33.50 PM.pngplain2022-01-28T01:34:02+00:001966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-29 at 5.42.38 PM_thumb.png2022-07-30T00:46:50+00:00Isa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e81966 Stokely Carmichael, speaking with crowd at Will Rogers Park in Los Angeles3Stokely Carmichael, left, chairman of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, points to questioner in Will Rogers Park. "Black power" advocate spoke to crowd of 6,500.media/Screen Shot 2022-07-29 at 5.42.38 PM.pngplain2022-07-30T00:50:47+00:00#Stokely Carmichael, #speech, #Black power, #Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee1966Isa Lovelace9b0e63463955cb91e1285177f7061770c00ce6e8