Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los AngelesMain MenuResearch of the DecadesResearch1960s Illustration DevelopmentIllustration DevelopmentPlaylists of the DecadesPlaylistssparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fcGreat Wall Institute - Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.09.17 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T23:11:16+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: A young brave from New Mexico at a Thanksgiving feast on Alcatraz Island1A young brave from Nogales, New Mexico, at a Thanksgiving feast on Alcatraz Island on November 27, 1969. For Native American students at San Francisco State University and other schools around the Bay Area, the protests and strikes at University of California, Berkeley during the 1960s, were a glimpse into how political activism could begin to address the injustices Native people had long suffered. In meetings at San Francisco’s American Indian Center and Warren’s, a bar in the Mission District’s “Little Res,” a plan was hatched to take over Alcatraz Island, whose world-famous prison had recently been decommissioned and its land declared “surplus.” The siege of Alcatraz officially began on November 20, 1969, with two major goals — to agitate for Native American self-determination and sovereignty and to establish a Native American cultural center, museum and college on the island. In the 1960s, War Jack says, “just to identify yourself as a Native person would bring immediate discrimination and racism. [Alcatraz] helped us re-establish our self-identification as Native people. People developed pride.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.09.17 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T23:11:16+00:00November 27, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.48.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:51:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Kids on bikes with lighthouse in background1This is a photograph of Native American children playing on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. On November 20, 1969, 79 Native Americans, including six children, set out to occupy Alcatraz Island. The intention of the occupation was to gain Indian control over the island for the purpose of building a center for Native American Studies, an American Indian spiritual center, an ecology center, and an American Indian Museum.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.48.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-21T23:51:12+00:001969-1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.56.45 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:59:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Coast Gaurd ward off supporters in boats as they circle Alcatraz Islamd1U.S. Coast Guard picket beat wards off from Alcatraz Island a small craft with sign carrying supporters of the Indian "invasion" of Alcatraz. Federal officials withdraw a Sunday afternoon deadline for the surrender of the island by the Indians, who had vowed to hide from marshals in the 12-acre maze of old buildings and caves. About 120 are on the Island.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.56.45 PM.pngplain2022-10-21T23:59:05+00:001969-1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.39.38 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:41:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Hoka Hay!!1Poster stating that the U.S. government has forcibly taken back—“ripped off”—Alcatraz Island. “Hoka Hay!!” translates roughly as “It is Over.” The poster appeared in Berkeley, California on June 12, 1971, the morning after the removal of remaining occupiers from the island. A group of 78 Indians calling themselves Indians of All Tribes lands on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay and begins to occupy it in a demonstration for the rights of American Indians. Indians of All Tribes draws on powerful historic precedents of Native peoples taking a stand for the return of illegally taken lands, and they also usher in a new activist movement that draws attention with its mix of radicalism and American Indian traditionalism. “We moved onto Alcatraz Island because we feel that Indian people need a cultural center of their own. For several decades, Indian people have not had enough control of training their young people. And without a cultural center of their own, we are afraid that the old Indian ways may be lost. We believe that the only way to keep them alive is for Indian people to do it themselves.” —Letter from Indians of All Tribes, December 16, 1969media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.39.38 PM.pngplain2022-10-21T23:41:10+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.25.44 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T22:28:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Occupiers moments after being removed from Alcatraz Island1Indian occupiers moments after their removal from Alcatraz Island on June 11, 1971. Left: Oohosis, Cree from Canada. Right: Peggy Lee Ellenwood, Sioux from Wolf Point, Montana.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.25.44 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T22:28:58+00:00June 11, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 5.05.32 PM_thumb.png2022-10-22T00:07:09+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: LaNada Means poses with a proposed cultural center1Native American activist LaNada Means poses with an architect's model of a proposed cultural center on the first anniversary of their occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California, 20th November 1970. The occupation was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island from 20th November 1969 to 11th June 1971 when the United States Government forcibly ended the protest.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 5.05.32 PM.pngplain2022-10-22T00:07:09+00:00November 20, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.44.07 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T22:51:37+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Occupiers standing on the dock at Alcatraz1On November 20, 1969, a group of Native students landed on an uninhabited Alcatraz and reclaimed it as Indian Land, beginning nineteen months of occupation. Leaders included Richard Oakes, an Akwesasne Mohawk and Chair of the Native American student group from San Francisco State College and LaNada War Jack, a member of the Shoshone Bannock Tribes and Chair of the Native American students from UC Berkeley. Thousands of Native people from across the country joined the original group of 80 occupiers. The Indians of All Tribes demanded that the federal government recognize treaties with Indian tribes, they demanded a Native American cultural center, and they demanded that land be returned. As the Occupiers discussed their plans, they wrote messages of peace and freedom around the island as well as submitting formal proposals and architectural plans. You can see several of their messages and symbols recently restored here at the dock.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.44.07 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T22:51:37+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.29.33 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T22:31:13+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Leaders of the American Indian Movement hold a press conference1Left to right, Richard Oakes, Earl Livermore, and Al Miller, leaders of the American Indian Movement hold a press conference at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on December 24, 1969, during their takeover in 1969-70.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.29.33 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T22:31:13+00:00December 24, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.54.11 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T22:57:27+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: A man stands outside a tepee1A man stands outside a tepee set up on Alcatraz during the occupation with view of the Golden Gate Bridge in the backgroundmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.54.11 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T22:57:27+00:001969-1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.43.22 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:45:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Native American girl paints a sign that reads "Indian American Land" on a wall of Alcataz Island in San Francisco Bay2Native American girl, one of 78 who invaded Alcatraz Island for the second time within two weeks, paints sign reading "Indian American Land" on wall of building at the former Federal prison site. The Indians propose "profitable negotiation" with the Federal government on taking over "The Rock" for an American Indian cultural center. (Original Caption and photo from Bettmann Archive/ Getty Images)media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.43.22 PM.pngplain2023-12-22T19:27:32+00:00November 20, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 5.09.46 PM_thumb.png2022-10-22T00:11:13+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: LaNada with her son1The activist LaNada War Jack (then LaNada Means) of the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes with her son, Deynon. In October 2019, she and other activists returned to Alcatraz Island in a “canoe journey” that honored the occupation.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 5.09.46 PM.pngplain2022-10-22T00:11:13+00:00May 20, 1969.Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.41.25 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:42:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Group by playground1Native Americans seek return of Alcatraz Island in 1964, under a treaty between the Sioux and the United States signed in 1868. The land was used for a prison throughout the 20th century but was never returned to Native people.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.41.25 PM.pngplain2022-10-21T23:42:52+00:001969-1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 5.07.27 PM_thumb.png2022-10-22T00:08:40+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Native American activist LaNada Means addresses a press conference alongside an artist's impression of a proposed cultural center2LaNada proposes cultural center on the first anniversary of their occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California, 20th November 1970. The occupation was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island from 20th November 1969 to 11th June 1971 when the United States Government forcibly ended the protest. (Photo by Bettmann Archive/Getty Images)media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 5.07.27 PM.pngplain2023-12-22T19:46:23+00:00November 20, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.51.24 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:52:41+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Belvia Cottier, Sioux, and a young friend on Alcatraz1A group of 78 Indians calling themselves Indians of All Tribes lands on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay and begins to occupy it in a demonstration for the rights of American Indians. Indians of All Tribes draws on powerful historic precedents of Native peoples taking a stand for the return of illegally taken lands, and they also usher in a new activist movement that draws attention with its mix of radicalism and American Indian traditionalism. “We moved onto Alcatraz Island because we feel that Indian people need a cultural center of their own. For several decades, Indian people have not had enough control of training their young people. And without a cultural center of their own, we are afraid that the old Indian ways may be lost. We believe that the only way to keep them alive is for Indian people to do it themselves.” —Letter from Indians of All Tribes, December 16, 1969media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.51.24 PM.pngplain2022-10-21T23:52:41+00:00May 31, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.36.05 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T22:36:18+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Native and Indigenous elders from throughout the country joined the young occupiers of Alcatraz Island for a meeting1Native and Indigenous elders from throughout the country joined the young occupiers of Alcatraz Island for a meeting they said was the most important since the ‘Ghost Dance’ days of the 1880s. When, in 1956, the Bureau of Indian Affairs launched yet another assimilationist policy, the Indian Relocation Act, the intention was to further undermine Native communities by moving youth from Indian Reservations to urban centers throughout the West. Instead, the opposite occurred. Native people began, for the first time, to find support across tribal lines among the more than 100,000 relocated Indigenous people who shared similar histories of Indigenous identity and cultural survival… For Native American students at San Francisco State University and other schools around the Bay Area, the protests and strikes at University of California, Berkeley during the 1960s, were a glimpse into how political activism could begin to address the injustices Native people had long suffered. In meetings at San Francisco’s American Indian Center and Warren’s, a bar in the Mission District’s “Little Res,” a plan was hatched to take over Alcatraz Island, whose world-famous prison had recently been decommissioned and its land declared “surplus.” The siege of Alcatraz officially began on November 20, 1969, with two major goals — to agitate for Native American self-determination and sovereignty and to establish a Native American cultural center, museum and college on the island. In the 1960s, War Jack says, “just to identify yourself as a Native person would bring immediate discrimination and racism. [Alcatraz] helped us re-establish our self-identification as Native people. People developed pride.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.36.05 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T22:36:18+00:00December 23, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/First Performed Gay Marriage_thumb.jpeg2022-07-16T00:40:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 First public same-sex marriage (by the Metropolitan Community Churches’s Rev. Troy Perry, 1968)2LA's gay history is everywhere, from the endangered former nightclub The Factory to Griffith Park. But in honor of today's landmark Supreme Court decision on marriage equality, why not go and take a look at a particularly special site—this modest Huntington Park house, described by TIME magazine as the house where the first public gay marriage ceremony took place back in 1968. At the time, the house was the location of the Metropolitan Community Church of Los Angeles; the religious organization, founded in October of that year by Reverend Troy D. Perry, was open to LGBT members, as explained on MCC's website. The first MCC service had 12 attendees. In December 1968, the reverend performed the ceremony for two men (it was, of course, not legally binding then). More marriages followed. In March 1969, the reverend oversaw the marriage of two women; their wedding would go on, says an MCC historian, to be "the basis for the world's first lawsuit seeking recognition of same-gender marriage." (Some sources cite this union as the first same-sex marriage, but agree that whichever couple was first, it was Rev. Perry who officiated.)media/First Performed Gay Marriage.jpegplain2022-10-06T21:00:22+00:001966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Reverend Troy Perry_thumb.jpeg2022-07-15T19:42:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 LGBTQ-inclusive Metropolitan Community Church founded by Reverend Troy Perry1Metropolitan Community Churches (MCC), in full Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches, worldwide Protestant denomination founded in 1968 and focusing its outreach endeavors on persons who identify themselves as homosexual, bisexual, transgender, and queer Christians.media/Reverend Troy Perry.jpegplain2022-07-15T19:42:51+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.00.21 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T23:04:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: John Trudell on Alcatraz1John Trudell on Alcatraz during the occupation with his family: his then-wife, Fenicia Ordóñez; Tara Trudell (left) and Mari Oja (right). At the time, Ms. Ordóñez was pregnant with the couple’s son, Wovoka, who was born on the island on July 20, 1970.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.00.21 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T23:04:30+00:001969-1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.55.54 PM_thumb.png2022-10-21T23:56:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: 12 Alcatraz protestors voluntarily surrender1Led by Richard Oakes (R, forward) who led the invasion of Alcatraz Island, 12 protestors voluntarily surrender and submit to arrest after a sit-in at the Bureau of Indian Affairs office. The 12 were booked on trespassing charges, and released. The protestors had demanded that the Bureau of Indian Affairs local offices be abolished, and called for removal of Louis Bruce as bureau director.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.55.54 PM.pngplain2022-10-21T23:56:12+00:00June 11, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.36.51 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T22:39:15+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: People arrive during the Native American occupation of Alcatraz Island1People arrive during the Native American occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco, in November 1969.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 3.36.51 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T22:39:15+00:00November 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.06.30 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T23:08:38+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz: Atha Rider Whitemankiller, stands before the press after the removal of the last occupiers from Alcatraz1Overcoming exhaustion and disillusionment, Atha Rider Whitemankiller, Cherokee, stands before the press at the Senator Hotel in San Francisco after the removal of the last Indian occupiers from Alcatraz on June 11, 1971. His eloquent words about the purpose of the occupation of Alcatraz Island—to publicize his people’s plight and establish a land base for the Indians of the Bay Area—were the most quoted of the day.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.06.30 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T23:08:38+00:00June 11, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.59.21 PM_thumb.png2022-10-22T00:01:40+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Occupants on Alcatraz Island, gather in front of the main cell block with the island's water tower in the background2The occupation was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island from 20th November 1969 to 11th June 1971 when the United States Government forcibly ended the protest. (Original caption and photo by Bettmann archive/Getty Images)media/Screen Shot 2022-10-21 at 4.59.21 PM.pngplain2023-12-22T19:38:32+00:00November 11, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/GW 1970 Nixon era_thumb.png2021-12-01T23:20:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 - 1974 Nixon Era6The presidency of Richard Nixon began on January 20, 1969, when Richard Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th president of the United States, and ended on August 9, 1974, when, in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office, he resigned the presidency (the first U.S. president ever to do so).media/GW 1970 Nixon era.pngplain2021-12-04T00:42:52+00:001969 - 1974Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12021-12-01T23:11:44+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 - 1974 The Nixon Era41970splain2021-12-07T00:29:27+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Mary Ann Vecchio Knees over Jeffrey Miller.jpeg2021-12-01T22:46:15+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 - The Kent State Massacre6May 4, 1970image_header2021-12-01T23:08:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/John Celarly wounded Kent State_thumb.jpeg2021-12-01T23:03:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 National Student Strike: Kent State injured student on grass3John Cleary Wounded at Kent Statemedia/John Celarly wounded Kent State.jpegplain2023-03-25T23:51:03+00:0005/04/1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/National Gaurd Kent State_thumb.jpeg2021-12-01T23:08:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 National Student Strike: Kent State National Guardsmen 13Kent State Massacre 1970media/National Gaurd Kent State.jpegplain2023-03-25T23:50:21+00:0005/04/1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/LA1960swalkouts_thumb.png2022-02-03T01:57:15+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 East L.A. picketing to protest conditions at the school1Photo @ Devra A. Weber. Boys outside Roosevelt High School... encouraging other students to come out and join the picket line.... Unlike the movement in South Central, the East L.A. Blowouts did not demand integration or busing to better schools. They wanted reforms in situ, under community control, with bilingual classes as the bottom line.media/LA1960swalkouts.pngplain2022-02-03T01:57:15+00:001970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Kent State Shooting_thumb.jpeg2021-12-01T23:05:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 National Student Strike: Kent State Jeffery Miller lies dead4May 4, 1970media/Kent State Shooting.jpegplain2023-03-25T23:52:37+00:0005/04/1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12021-12-02T01:37:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Info: 1970 The Chicano Moratorium and illustration5August 29, 1970plain2023-03-20T23:04:04+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 2.24.41 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T21:26:16+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970s LGBT Movement Featuring Harvey Milk3Harvey Milk, a native of Long Island, New York, served in the U.S. Navy before working at a Wall Street investment firm. Keeping his homosexuality a secret at first, Milk became more openly gay through his exposure to New York City’s bohemian theater scene. After moving to San Francisco in the early 1970s, Milk established himself as a leading political activist for the gay community. Winning a seat on the city’s Board of Supervisors, he emerged as one of the country’s preeminent openly gay elected officials, spearheading an important anti-discrimination measure. Milk was murdered in November 1978 by a former colleague, Dan White. - history.coommedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 2.24.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T20:40:17+00:001970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/The National March on Washington 1979.jpeg2021-12-07T00:05:19+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970s LGBT Rights9During the 1970simage_header2021-12-07T00:17:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Kenbak-1_thumb.jpeg2022-07-06T00:06:25+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61971- The Beginning of Consumer Technology3https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/297/1151 The Kenbak-1, released in early 1971, is considered by the Computer History Museum to be the world's first personal computer. It was designed and invented by John Blankenbaker of Kenbak Corporation in 1970, and was first sold in early 1971.media/Kenbak-1.jpegplain2022-07-06T00:50:57+00:001971Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/American Indian Movement 1972_thumb.jpeg2021-12-02T20:38:23+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 AIM (American Indian Movement)6The Trail of Broken Treaties - 6 day occupation in Washington - March from San Francisco to Washingtonmedia/American Indian Movement 1972.jpegplain2021-12-04T00:47:17+00:001972Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-02-11 at 1.05.57 PM_thumb.png2022-02-11T21:11:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Student and barrio youth lead protest march in Belvedere Park.2LA RAZA.Garza.1971: Photograph by Luis Garza. Student and barrio youth lead protest march, La Marcha por La Justicia, Belvedere Park. January 31, 1971. La Raza Newspaper & Magazine Records. Courtesy of the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Centermedia/Screen Shot 2022-02-11 at 1.05.57 PM.pngplain2022-02-11T21:12:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/student-protests-26th-amendment_thumb.jpeg2022-02-11T21:38:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49July 1, 1971: 18 and Up Can Vote1The 26th Amendment is signed by President Richard Nixon, granting the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are 18 or older. Prohibiting discrimination based on age, it lowers the age from 21, largely in reaction to the number of 18-20-year-olds fighting in Vietnam.media/student-protests-26th-amendment.jpegplain2022-02-11T21:38:53+00:00197120201022183119Demonstration for reduction in voting age, Seattle, 1969. Image courtesy of MOHAI, Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection, 1986.5.50631, photograph by Tom Barlet.Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Trail of Broekn Treaties_thumb.png2021-12-02T20:36:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49A Trail of Broken Treaties 19723With desks, chairs and file cabinets, hundreds of Native Americans barricaded the entrances to the Bureau of Indian Affairs in downtown Washington, just six blocks from the White House. It was the week before the 1972 presidential election between President Richard Nixon and Sen. George McGovern (D-S.D.), and the group of men, women, children, activists and elders had come to the nation’s capital in a caravan of vans, trucks and cars to demand a meeting with Nixon and top officials. They wanted to describe the poor housing, underfunded schools and health crises they faced — a result, they said, of the U.S. government’s failure to honor treaties with their tribal governments. They called their effort “The Trail of Broken Treaties,” a nod to the forcible removal in the 1830s of thousands of Native Americans from their homelands during the “Trail of Tears.”media/Trail of Broekn Treaties.pngplain2021-12-02T20:40:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12021-12-03T19:26:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 - 1991 The Woman’s Building1L.A.’s “Feminist Mecca”plain2021-12-03T19:26:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.05.21 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:34:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Activist Gladys Bissonette1Gladys Bissonette during the 1970s. Thunder Hawk,of the Oohenumpa band of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, said there wasn’t a conscious effort to make women part of Wounded Knee – they were just there. It was instinctive to be part of the movement. She said tribal leadership back then was predominantly male because of a colonized way of thinking, but having a strong matriarchal presence was simply tradition and culture. “Anything that happens in community all revolves around the strong families and the matriarchs,” said Thunder Hawk, now 83. “That's the way it is.”media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.05.21 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:34:52+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/LA TIMES Catch One_thumb.jpeg2021-12-14T23:11:26+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Jewel's Catch One Disco2media/LA TIMES Catch One.jpegplain2021-12-14T23:14:23+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.31.33 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T22:32:03+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: An armed Native American in a trench takes cover between sandbags1An armed Native American in a trench takes cover between sandbags, the Sacred Heart Church in the background, during the Wounded Knee Occupation (also known as Second Wounded Knee) at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, 7th March 1973. On 27th February 1973, approximately 200 members of the 'American Indian Movement' (AIM) took the reservation hamlet of Wounded Knee by force, declaring it the 'Independent Oglala Sioux Nation,' the hamlet was immediately surrounded by federal marshals, and a siege began, which ended on 8th May 1973.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.31.33 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T22:32:03+00:00March 07, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.40.36 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:42:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Dick Wilson with GOONs 21Tribal president Dick Wilson with his GOONs during the 1973 siege of Wounded Knee. February 27, 1973, AIM Organization accepted the responsibility of providing all necessary strength and protection needed by the Oglala Sioux in the efforts to rid themselves of corrupt tribal president, Dick Wilson. Because this degenerated human being is financed and wholly supported by the FBI, CIA, BIA, U.S. Justice Dept., and the U.S. Marshals, it is virtually impossible for any Oglala to voice any kind of opinion which may run contrary to this puppet government without being arrested or beaten...a policy that cannot go unchallenged or unanswered.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.40.36 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:42:14+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.22.26 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:25:15+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: An armed Native American in a trench looks over sandbags1An armed Native American in a trench takes cover between sandbags during the Wounded Knee Occupation on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, March 7th, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.22.26 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:25:15+00:00March 7, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.16.41 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:19:31+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Armed AIM Members in a dugout1Armed Native Americans, with the Sacred Heart Church in the background, during the Wounded Knee Occupation on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. March 7, 1973. Then, in early 1973, AIM prepared for its dramatic occupation of Wounded Knee. In addition to its historical significance, Wounded Knee was one of the poorest communities in the United States and shared with the other Pine Ridge settlements some of the country’s lowest rates of life expectancy.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.16.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:19:31+00:00March 7, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.19.45 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:21:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Armed AIM Members take aim1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.19.45 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:21:56+00:00March 4, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.27.07 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:27:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Armed federal agents1Armed federal agents during the Wounded Knee Occupation at on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, March 2nd, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.27.07 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:27:30+00:00March 2, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.28.37 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:30:19+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Armed federal agents search a car1Armed Federal Marshals search the car and equipment of a group of journalists at an Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) roadblock during the American Indian Movement (AIM) occupation of the town of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.28.37 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:30:19+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.21.11 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:30:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Clyde Bellecourt with rifle1Native American activist Clyde Bellecourt holding his fist clenched while holding his rifle high, in front of Sacred Heart Church, during the Wounded Knee Occupation at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, 13th April 1973. AIM was founded in 1968 by Russell Means, Dennis Banks, and other Native leaders as a militant political and civil rights organization. From November 1969 to June 1971, AIM members occupied Alcatraz Island off San Francisco, saying they had the right to it under a treaty provision granting them unused federal land. In November 1972, AIM members briefly occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C., to protest programs controlling reservation development.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.21.11 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:30:42+00:00April 13, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.28.51 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T22:29:08+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Four federal troops stand blocking the road to Wounded Knee1Four federal troops stand blocking the road to Wounded Knee during the standoff between 200 members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) and the government, South Dakota, 1973. The AIM is demanding an increase in financial aid from the government for the town of Wounded Knee, the site of the last armed conflict between the United States government and the Great Sioux Nation, which resulted in the massacre of hundreds of Lakota Sioux Indians.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.28.51 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T22:29:08+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.42.39 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:44:17+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Dick Wilson with U.S. Marshall Chief1Wayne Colburn, chief of U.S. Marshalls talks with Dick Wilson at the Oglala Sioux roadblock leading into occupied Wounded Knee, March 27th, 1973. Violent conflict on the reservation continued after the resolution of the Wounded Knee incident. In the three years that followed, more than 50 opponents of Wilson allegedly died violently. One was Pedro Bissonette, head of the civil rights organization, who had originally invited AIM activists to Pine Ridge. He died in a reported altercation with a BIA policeman. Residents accused GOONs of arson and frequent assault. Wilson was alleged to have personally directed an assault on six AIM lawyers in February 1975, but no charges were filed.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.42.39 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:44:17+00:00March 27, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.06.44 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T22:09:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Federal troops walk on a road near Wounded Knee1Federal troops walk on a road near Wounded Knee during the siege of the town on March 20, 1973, as about 200 American Indians occupe the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, for the rights of indigenous people. The town of Wounded Knee, the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre, was seized on February 27, 1973, by followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM), who staged a 71-day occupation of the area. Two Indians were killed and a US Marshall was seriously wounded.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.06.44 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T22:09:53+00:00March 20, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.33.47 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T21:35:37+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Occupiers escort negotiator Harlington Wood1Occupiers escort negotiator Harlington Wood (background, in trenchcoat) into the captive town on March 13, in a government attempt to end the crisis. At the time, Wood was Assistant U.S. Attorney General.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.33.47 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T21:35:37+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.37.26 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T21:37:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Means announces AIM's settlement with the U.S. government1Means announces AIM's settlement with the U.S. government as negotiator Ken Frizzell of the Department of Justice and Oglala Lakota chief Tom Bad Cobb look on.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.37.26 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T21:37:56+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.10.50 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T22:21:31+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: National Guard scramble a response to the occupation of Wounded Knee1Oglala Sioux Occupy Wounded Knee. Members of the National Guard get in armored vehicle meant to suppress the activists at Wounded Kneemedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.10.50 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T22:21:31+00:00March 1, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.34.45 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:35:06+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Native American activist Webster Poor Bear has bullet wound treated1Native American activist Webster Poor Bear (1951-2009), who suffered a bullet wound to his leg during an exchange of gunfire, during the Wounded Knee Occupation on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, March 8th, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.34.45 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:35:06+00:00March 8, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.38.45 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:40:09+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Dick Wilson1Pine Ridge, S.D.: Richard Wilson, president of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council, revels a previously unreleased list given to him and later authenticated by a U.S. Justice Dept. official, showing names of American Indian Movement (AIM) militants occupying Wounded Knee, S.D., and the counts the Justice Dept. has against them. It was the first time such a list has shown there are definite charges against the AIM leaders and others in Wounded Knee. The prosecution was unprepared when Wilson said he was ready to go to trial, and the proceedings closed without completing the impeachment trial. Several hundred Lakota people marched in protest, demanding the removal of Wilson from office. US Marshals were assigned to protect Wilson and his family. AIM and Lakota supporters occupied the town of Wounded Knee, and a 71-day armed siege resulted, known as the Wounded Knee Occupation.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.38.45 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:40:09+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.36.40 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:37:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Native American activist Webster Poor Bear has bullet wound treated 21Native American activist Webster Poor Bear (1951-2009), who suffered a bullet wound to his leg during an exchange of gunfire, during the Wounded Knee Occupation on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, March 8th, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.36.40 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:37:07+00:00March 8, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.31.43 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:32:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Nurse applies bandage1American nurse Vivian Amiotte applies a bandage on Pete Catches of the AIM during the Wounded Knee Occupation at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, March 6th, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 4.31.43 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:32:32+00:00March 6, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.51.26 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T22:02:59+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Three men sit in the back of a pick up truck1Oglala Sioux Occupy Wounded Knee. Three men sit in the back of an old Chevrolet, two of the men are armedmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.51.26 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T22:02:59+00:00March 01, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.21.54 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T22:23:59+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: An armed man stands guard at a Checkpoint1In 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied the town of Wounded Knee, S.D., on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. They were protesting the murder of an Oglala Lakota man and the failed impeachment of a tribal president that AIM members accused of corruption. The protests escalated into a deadly standoff that lasted 71 days.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 3.21.54 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T22:23:59+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.35.55 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:38:13+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: Dick Wilson with GOONs1Tribal president Dick Wilson (center) and members of his paramilitary unit the GOONs (Guardians of the Oglala Nation). This photo is taken during the 1973 siege of Wounded Knee, where the GOONs worked with police and military to repress the resistance. Richard A. Wilson (April 29, 1934 – January 31, 1990) was elected chairman of the Oglala Lakota of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where he served from 1972–1976, following re-election in 1974. Following complaints about his favoring friends and family in award of jobs and suppressing political opponents with his private militia, Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOONs), members of the tribal council brought impeachment charges against him in February 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.35.55 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:38:13+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 5.05.17 PM_thumb.png2022-10-27T00:10:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM members gather around an old pick up truck2The Pine Ridge reservation, where Wounded Knee was located, had been in turmoil for years. To many in the area the siege was no surprise. The Oglala Lakota who lived on the reservation faced racism beyond its boundaries and a poorly managed tribal government within them. In particular, they sought the removal of tribal chairman Dick Wilson, whom many Oglala living on the reservation thought corrupt. Wilson seemed to favor mixed-race, assimilated Lakota like himself -- and especially his own family members -- over reservation residents with more traditional lifestyles. Efforts to remove Wilson by impeaching him had failed, and so Oglala Lakota tribal leaders turned to AIM for help in removing him by force. Their answer was to occupy Wounded Knee.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 5.05.17 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T21:33:12+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 5.00.14 PM_thumb.png2022-10-27T00:04:39+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM member stands with Hostages1American Indian Movement Member Stands with Hostages During the Wounded Knee Standoff, 1973media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 5.00.14 PM.pngplain2022-10-27T00:04:39+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-02-09 at 11.43.25 AM_thumb.png2022-02-09T19:44:18+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Roe v Wade was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court2The Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restrictionmedia/Screen Shot 2022-02-09 at 11.43.25 AM.pngplain2022-02-09T19:53:58+00:001973US NEWS A young woman protests the closing of a Madison abortion clinic in Wisconsin on April 20, 1971. The Midwest Medical Center was closed after authorities said more than 900 abortions had been performed at the facility in violation of the state's abortion laws.Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.46.18 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:48:06+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM activist Oscar Bear Runner stands guard with a rifle1AIM Member Oscar Bear Runner stands guard with a rifle during the Wounded Knee Occupation at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, March, 2nd 1973. The Wounded Knee occupation lasted for a total of 71 days, during which time two Sioux men were shot to death by federal agents and several more were wounded. On May 8, the AIM leaders and their supporters surrendered after officials promised to investigate their complaints. Russell Means and Dennis Banks were arrested, but on September 16, 1973, the charges against them were dismissed by a federal judge because of the U.S. government’s unlawful handling of witnesses and evidence.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.46.18 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:48:06+00:00March 2, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.40.57 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T21:45:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM activists preparing for a purification ceremony1American Indian Movement activists preparing for a purification ceremony at the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre during the Wounded Knee Occupation on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota, March 3, 1973.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.40.57 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T21:45:56+00:00March 3, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.47.53 PM_thumb.png2022-10-28T21:48:31+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM activist with rifle stands guard1AIM activist with a rifle stands guard in front of Sacred Heart Church with two freshly built snowmen after a blizzard at Wounded Knee.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-28 at 2.47.53 PM.pngplain2022-10-28T21:48:31+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.53.43 PM_thumb.png2022-10-26T23:56:43+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM members defend a blockade during the occupation of Wounded Knee1The day after the Wounded Knee occupation began, AIM members traded gunfire with the federal marshals surrounding the settlement and fired on automobiles and low-flying planes that dared come within rifle range. Russell Means began negotiations for the release of the hostages, demanding that the U.S. Senate launch an investigation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and all Sioux reservations in South Dakota, and that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee hold hearings on the scores of Indian treaties broken by the U.S. government.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-26 at 4.53.43 PM.pngplain2022-10-26T23:56:43+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.44.43 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T22:45:57+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Wounded Knee: AIM activist with rifle stands in the snow1An armed Indian militant lowers his face to shield it from the cold biting wind and snow and also to shield his identity as he walks toward the Sacred Heart church here. Members and supporters of the American Indian Movement (AIM) have been holding this small historical village for almost four weeks, March 26nd, 1973.media/Screenshot 2023-03-17 at 3.44.43 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T22:45:57+00:00March 26, 1973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/na-ruth-ginsburg-credit-card-884x584_thumb.jpeg2022-03-01T00:34:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act - Credit Cards for Women2Until the mid-1970s, banks and other financial institutions denied married women in the U.S. credit cards or loans in their own name, and single women also had trouble getting credit. Enter the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, which “prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age in credit transactions.” This means if you apply for a credit card or loan, you can only be considered based on factors directly related to your creditworthiness. That seems obvious today, but it was not 50 years ago. A body of jurisprudence favorable to equal rights — much of it stemming from legal work directed by Ginsburg when she was an attorney — began accumulating in the early 1970s and adding momentum to the fight for equality. That credit card act, signed into law by President Gerald Ford on October 28, 1974, was in some ways the culmination of that work. Without it, women would not have been able to access one of the basic tools of financial independence. Ginsburg was appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1993, but had long been a major figure in the legal battle for women’s rights, before joining the federal bench in 1980. By then she had already helped argue for equality in front of the Court, with great success. Forty years ago, any woman applying for a credit card could be asked a barrage of questions: Was she married? Did she plan to have children? Many banks required single, divorced or widowed women to bring a man along with them to cosign for a credit card, and some discounted the wages of women by as much as 50 percent when calculating their credit card limits. As women and minorities pushed for equal civil rights in various arenas, credit cards became the focus of a series of hearings in which women documented the discrimination they faced. And, finally, in 1974—forty years ago this year—the Senate passed the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, which made it illegal to discriminate against someone based on their gender, race, religion and national origin. A year later, in 1975, the first women’s bank was opened by Judy H. Mello, as Eric Pace reported in the New York Times obituary for Mello: The bank, a creation of the feminist movement, was established in April 1975. It was the first bank in the United States to be operated by women and for women, at a time when its founders said that women were given short shrift by other banks. But despite the law, a report from 2012 found that women still pay more for credit cards. According to a study by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, women pay a half a point higher interest rate than men. Today, there are two kinds of ways today’s credit card ads handle women, as Lisa Wade at The Society Pages points out. Either they’re shopaholics who are madly in love with their credits cards, or their shopaholics madly in love with their husband’s credit cards. Of course, both are winning situations for the credit card company.media/na-ruth-ginsburg-credit-card-884x584.jpegplain2022-03-01T00:34:15+00:001974Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Uprising of the Mujeres_thumb.jpg2022-02-03T00:19:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49"Uprising of the Mujeres" by Judith F. Baca (1979)6Created in Cuernavaca, Mexico in 1979 at El Taller Siquerios, a workshop for training muralists established by one of the great Mexican muralists David Alfaro Siquerios. Uprising of the Mujeres is a statement of political struggle led by women. udy Baca placed an indigenous woman at the forefront of political struggle against the prioritization of military spending, the formation of a police state at the expense of social welfare and the exploitation of workers to further capitalism.media/Uprising of the Mujeres.jpgplain2023-11-22T20:44:30+00:001979Smithsonian American Art MuseumThis image was obtained from the Smithsonian American Art Museum.SPARC ArchivesGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/04 1940 Great Wall Restored Getty_thumb.jpg2022-01-25T01:55:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491974 The Great Wall of Los Angeles31974 The Great Wall of Los Angeles is one of Los Angeles’ true cultural landmarks and one of the country’s most respected and largest monuments to inter-racial harmony. SPARC’s first public art project and its true signature piece, the Great Wall is a landmark pictorial representation of the history of ethnic peoples of California from prehistoric times to the 1950’s, conceived by SPARC’S artistic director and founder Judy Baca. Begun in 1974 and completed over five summers, the Great Wall employed over 400 youth and their families from diverse social and economic backgrounds working with artists, oral historians, ethnologists, scholars, and hundreds of community members.media/04 1940 Great Wall Restored Getty.jpgplain2022-01-25T02:01:31+00:00197420110909053238-0700Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Judy at Great Wall_thumb.jpeg2022-02-07T23:52:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491976 - The Great Wall of Los Angeles1The Great Wall of Los Angeles is one of Los Angeles’ true cultural landmarks and one of the country’s most respected and largest monuments to inter-racial harmony. SPARC’s first public art project and its true signature piece, the Great Wall is a landmark pictorial representation of the history of ethnic peoples of California from prehistoric times to the 1950’s, conceived by SPARC’s artistic director and founder Judith F. Baca. Begun in 1974 and completed over six summers, the Great Wall employed over 400 youth and their families from diverse social and economic backgrounds working with artists, oral historians, ethnologists, scholars, and hundreds of community members.media/Judy at Great Wall.jpegplain2022-02-07T23:52:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Harvey_Milk_thumb.jpeg2022-02-28T23:59:05+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61978 California Proposition 6: Briggs Initiative1Harvey Milk at the Gay Pride Parade carrying a side reading, “I'm from Woodmere, New York” SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE/HEARST NEWSPAPERS VIA GETTY IMAGES. https://www.teenvogue.com/story/harvey-milk-lgbtq-activist-legacymedia/Harvey_Milk.jpegplain2022-02-28T23:59:05+00:001978Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Bakke Case_thumb.jpeg2022-03-01T00:26:27+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491978 The Bakke Decision3In Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas". Bakke decision, formally Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, ruling in which, on June 28, 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas. The medical school at the University of California, Davis, as part of the university’s affirmative action program, had reserved 16 percent of its admission places for minority applicants. Allan Bakke, a white California man who had twice unsuccessfully applied for admission to the medical school, filed suit against the university. Citing evidence that his grades and test scores surpassed those of many minority students who had been accepted for admission, Bakke charged that he had suffered unfair “reverse discrimination” on the basis of race, which he argued was contrary to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court, in a highly fractured ruling (six separate opinions were issued), agreed that the university’s use of strict racial quotas was unconstitutional and ordered that the medical school admit Bakke, but it also contended that race could be used as one criterion in the admissions decisions of institutions of higher education. Although the ruling legalized the use of affirmative action, in subsequent decisions during the next several decades the court limited the scope of such programs, and several U.S. states prohibited affirmative action programs based on race. in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances. The case involved the admissions practices of the Medical School of the University of California at Davis. The medical school reserved 16 out of 100 seats in its entering class for minorities, including "Blacks," "Chicanos," "Asians," and "American Indians." The rigid admissions quota was administered by a special school committee. Allan Bakke, a white applicant, was twice denied admission to the medical school even though his MCAT scores, GPA, and benchmark scores were "significantly higher" than those of some minority applicants recently admitted. Bakke sued the University of California in a state court, alleging that the medical school's admission policy violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The California Supreme Court agreed, finding that the quota system explicitly discriminated against racial groups and holding that "no applicant may be rejected because of his race, in favor of another who is less qualified, as measured by standards applied without regard to race." The medical school, ordered to shut down its quota system, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reviewed the case in 1978.media/Bakke Case.jpegplain2022-03-01T00:28:12+00:00MAR 8 1978, MAR 9 1978; Student Leader John Bailey, Standing, Speaks out on Bakke Decision; He said newly formed coalition will sponsor rallies, debates and demonstrations to seek reversal of the case.; John Bailey Speaking; Race Discrimination-Denver; (Photo By Duane Howell/The Denver Post via Getty Images)Denver Post via Getty ImagesDuane HowellGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Prop13_HowardJarvis_1978_01_thumb.jpeg2021-12-03T01:48:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491978 Proposition 137Led by a tax fighter The so-called “taxpayer’s revolt” was led by Jarvis, a Utah native born in 1903. By the age of 30, he owned several small newspapers and was active in Republican politics. He moved to California in the 1930s and ran several times unsuccessfully for mayor of Los Angeles on an anti-tax platform. Jarvis gained a reputation as a harsh government critic. He worked for more than a decade to change the state’s property tax laws. Prop. 13, as Jarvis described it in a 1978 press conference, was a way to push back against “the moochers and loafers” in government. “They’re just destroying the country,” said Jarvis. “They’re just like a bunch of locusts going through a grain field and when they get through there, no grain is left.”media/Prop13_HowardJarvis_1978_01.jpegplain2021-12-04T01:09:10+00:00197819780607080000+0000Paul Gann, left, and Howard Jarvis hold up their hands as their co-authored initiative Propsition 13 takes a commanding lead in the California primary, in Los Angeles, June 7, 1978. (AP Photo)HOWARD JARVIS PROPOSITION 13AELNLOS ANGELESUSAAPHS121ASSOCIATED PRESSAPAP1978XCBGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/National march 1979_thumb.jpeg2021-12-02T22:59:40+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491979 The National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights5Oct 14, 1979media/National march 1979.jpegplain2021-12-04T01:09:38+00:0010/14/1979Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Tom Bradley Elected Mayor_thumb.jpeg2021-12-07T22:55:37+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Tom Bradley3Elected L.A. Mayor; 1st Black Mayor of a Major U.S. Citymedia/Tom Bradley Elected Mayor.jpegplain2021-12-07T22:56:36+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-22 at 12.59.00 PM_thumb.png2022-07-22T20:50:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491979 Chol Soo Lee - Korean immigrant facing the death penalty for Prison fight3media/Screen Shot 2022-07-22 at 12.59.00 PM.pngplain2022-07-22T20:52:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.47.51 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T21:51:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970s/1980s Location shoot in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park for Visual Communications1The roots of Asian American studies and its flourishing as a field of study has borne fruit, evidenced by the accomplishments of its students, a growing diversity in the curriculum, and the strength of local Asian American community institutions. For the students, Asian American studies validated their identities as Asians in America. It allowed them to explore a common history and cause with fellow Asians. And it offered a space to develop solidarities within and across racial, ethnic, gender and other boundaries. Asian American studies was a hotbed where students could grow in their activism and leadership. On university campuses, Asian American studies institutionalized community-based learning and research that re-envisioned the role of the university. Finally, the Asian American community as a whole benefited, as students went on to apply their skills and experiences to establish needed community programs and services as well as local and national organizations. They also entered mainstream institutions and advocated on behalf of those whose voices were missing.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.47.51 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T21:51:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.12.41 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T20:14:04+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973-Los Angeles, California- Tom Bradley takes the oath of office of the the Mayor of Los Angeles1Los Angeles, California- Tom Bradley takes the oath of office of the the Mayor of Los Angeles as former Chief Justice of the U.S., Earl Warren, gives the oath. Bradley, the first black mayor of Los Angeles, became the 37th Chief Executive during a ceremonu on City Hall steps. Mrs. Tom Bradley looks on.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.12.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T20:14:04+00:007/1/1973gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/los-angeles-california-tom-bradley-takes-the-oath-of-office-news-photo/515449708Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Tom Bradley Elected Mayor_thumb.jpeg2021-12-07T22:55:37+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Tom Bradley3Elected L.A. Mayor; 1st Black Mayor of a Major U.S. Citymedia/Tom Bradley Elected Mayor.jpegplain2021-12-07T22:56:36+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.14.46 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T20:16:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491974 Clifford Glover - Protesters in Queens in 1974 urged that a white police officer be convicted of murdering Clifford Glover, a black 10-year-old.1“The bullet entered his lower back and came out at the top of his chest. He was shot T-square in the back, with his body leaning forward. He was running away.” That bullet killed Clifford Glover. Its trajectory — through a family, a neighborhood, a generation — can be traced to this day, in injuries that never healed, in a story with no final word.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.14.46 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T20:16:00+00:001974Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12022-01-26T01:43:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Free Angela - How did Angela Davis Inspire A Movement2plain2023-10-16T20:43:11+00:00Black LiberationMovement LeadersGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/First Lecture Royce Hall 1969_thumb.jpeg2022-01-25T23:01:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 UCLA philosophy department hired Angela Davis1She was mentored by Herbert Marcuse, a Marxists thinker who was hugely influential during this era. Un undercover agent exposed her membership to the Communist party and while the Regents fired her, the courts promptly reinstated her. She gave her first lecture at UCLA in October of 1969. 2000 students attended the lecture.media/First Lecture Royce Hall 1969.jpegplain2022-01-25T23:01:53+00:00October 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Protest march to City Hall 1969- LAPD attacked Black Panther Headquarters_thumb.jpeg2022-01-26T01:07:35+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49December 1969 LAPD attack on the Black Panther Headquarter "one of the biggest shootouts in American History"- La Times1Angela Davis led a protest march to LA City Hall and spoke from the stepsmedia/Protest march to City Hall 1969- LAPD attacked Black Panther Headquarters.jpegplain2022-01-26T01:07:35+00:00December 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/First LA Pride Parade_thumb.jpeg2022-07-15T23:30:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 First LA Pride Parade3The first L.A. Pride Parade (originally Gay Pride Parade), organized by Rev. Bob Humphries (founder, United States Mission), Morris Kight (founder, Gay Liberation Front) and Rev. Troy Perry (founder, Metropolitan Community Church) and the Christopher Street West Association, was held on June 28, 1970 in Los Angeles. L.A.'s Gay Pride Parade permit did not come easily. No city had, until that time, ever experienced thousands of LGBTQ people marching openly and LAPD Chief Edward Davis did not hesitate to remind organizers that homosexuality was still illegal in California. Rev. Perry recounted that Davis declared to them, “As far as I’m concerned, granting a permit to a group of homosexuals to parade down Hollywood Boulevard would be the same as giving a permit to a group of thieves and robbers.” The Los Angeles Police Commission, for their part, claiming to fear violent homophobic counter-reactions, imposed excessive permit requirements, such as $1.5 million in fees. Parade organizers and the ACLU challenged the city in court, taking their fight all the way to the California Supreme Court. The court ended up ordering the city to issue a parade permit without discriminatory add-ons. L.A.’s Gay Pride Parade became the world’s first officially-permitted parade advocating for LGBTQ rights. The parade was moved from Hollywood in Los Angeles to West Hollywood in 1979.media/First LA Pride Parade.jpegplain2023-10-16T06:07:32+00:00June 28, 1970Gay Pride Parade, Los Angeles, 1970. Photo from Advocate. http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi720.phpGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/FBI Wanted Poster Angela Davis_thumb.jpeg2022-09-26T19:08:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49FBI Wanted Poster Angela Davis, Black Panther Party, American, 1966 - 19821FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) wanted poster for Angela Yvonne Davis. The poster features two pictures of Davis as well as descriptive information about her physical features. The poster also details information about why she is wanted by the FBI. The back of the poster has a list of addresses and telephone numbers of the FBI special agents who should be contacted with any information.media/FBI Wanted Poster Angela Davis.jpegplain2022-09-26T19:08:14+00:001960s20191011An FBI wanted poster for Angela Yvonne Davis. Edited for PII2012.60.82014-0072Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of African American History and Culture.The Smithsonian continues to research information on its collections. Contact Smithsonian for current status.Lisa AckermanGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Busing Berkely California_thumb.jpeg2023-03-17T20:21:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Remembering Busing And School Desegregation In Los Angeles 1972-792It was 1972 and the Los Angeles Unified School District had been found guilty of intentionally segregating city schools. White families, fearful of having their children bused, had begun fleeing the district and transferring to private schools. The new busing program, called Permits With Transportation, or PWT, was partly seen as a way to fill empty classroom seats. It was a prelude to the much larger mandatory desegregation program the district would begin in 1978. It helped integrate Valley campuses and extend the bounty of predominantly white suburban schools to a small group of black children from poor neighborhoods. Pittman’s parents had grown up in Watts. His mother graduated from Fremont, his father from Jordan High. Most of what his family knew about white people, they had learned from radio and TV. “We expected the white boys to be all ‘Alice Cooper,’ doing acid, tripping out,” Pittman said.- A handful of court decisions in the 1970s paved the way for busing as a way to integrate public schools in the Los Angeles Unified School Districts. The practice bussed African American students from economically disadvantaged neighborhoods to wealthier and white-dominated schools and areas -- and vice versa. Mandatory busing came to an end in 1979, with the passage of a state constitutional amendment. Proponents say that busing, although not perfect, is an effective way to ensure racial and resource parity in LAUSD. One of the consequences of busing, like opponents had warned, was a “white flight” from LAUSD neighborhoods, and white parents taking their kids out of public schools to attend private schools. https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-feb-11-la-me-banks-20120211-story.htmlmedia/Busing Berkely California.jpegplain2023-11-19T19:51:39+00:001979Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Angela Davis Salute_thumb.jpeg2022-08-29T20:29:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49In the 1970s, Davis was a fugitive on the FBI's most-wanted list. Once caught, she faced the death penalty in California but was later acquitted on all charges.1Angela Davis raises her fist to give her power salute as she sits in the courtroom at Marin Civic Center in San Rafael, Ca., on March 16, 1971. (AP Photo)media/Angela Davis Salute.jpegplain2022-08-29T20:29:52+00:00197119710316000000+0000Angela Davis raises her fist to give her power salute as she sits in the courtroom at Marin Civic Center in San Rafael, Ca., on March 16, 1971. Davis, who is accused of supplying some of the weapons used in a shoot-out during an attempted escape of prisoners at the Marin County Courthouse, is waiting for her court hearing to start after it was postponed because of bomb threats. In the fall of 1970, she was on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List. (AP Photo)DAVIS COURT HEARING 1971ASAN RAFAELUSAAPHS104AP1971 APXNBGDavis;R25662;CALIFORNIAGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 2.28.41 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T21:30:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491978 California Prop 6: John Briggs and Harvey Milk meet6John Briggs and Harvey Milk meet, 1978. A coalition of activists mobilized under the slogan "Come out! Come out! Wherever you are!" to defeat the initiative. In what became the No On 6 campaign, gay men and lesbians went door to door in their cities and towns across the state to talk about the harm the initiative would cause. Gay men and lesbians came out to their families and their neighbors and their co-workers, spoke in their churches and community centers, sent letters to their local editors, and otherwise revealed to the general population that gay people really were "everywhere" and included people they already knew and cared aboutmedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 2.28.41 PM.pngplain2023-11-22T18:54:02+00:001978Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.43.07 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T20:59:04+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Reverend Troy Perry stands in his burned-down church2The church has also endured its share of troubles. MCC has faced anti-LGBTQ violence, particularly during what Perry terms a period of persecution in the 1970s when they lost five churches to arson—including a New Orleans gay bar called the Upstairs Lounge where MCC members were holding a meeting; it was the worst mass murder of LGBTQ persons in the U.S. until the Pulse night club massacre in 2016. According to the MCC History Project, their churches began to experience the full brunt of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the mid-1980s; the Rev. Elder Don Eastman wrote that by the time effective HIV treatments became available in 1996, MCC had lost one-third of its congregants. “I don’t believe that any disease, I don’t care what it is, is a gift from God to a class of people,” Perry said to the Rev. Jerry Falwell in 1983 during a televised debate. “We don’t want political games played with this issue. We want to make sure that people don’t die.”media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.43.07 PM.pngplain2023-03-27T22:49:09+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.59.39 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T21:01:16+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491972 - Reverend Troy Perry - Same-sex marriage was one of his fights from the beginning, long before it was a major political issue:1Same-sex marriage was one of his fights from the beginning, long before it was a major political issue: In December 1968, just two months after MCC’s first meeting in his living room, Perry performed what Time magazine declared the first public same-sex wedding in the U.S. “I always believed in marriage. I was one of those strange gay men who talked about marriage,” Perry told me through laughter. “And marriage was just very, very important to me, and so all my life, I fought for that.” Marriage was just one theater of operations for Perry and MCC. “I used to say, years ago,” Perry said, “the one thing I had to fight for, if I was not going to fight for anything else—of course, I fought for everything—was the rights of my members to have a job. People have to work, and that includes my community, too.” That fight took different forms: picketing in 1969 in front of States Steamship Co. offices when it fired a man for coming out, and in 1977, when Perry told reporters from the steps of downtown LA’s Federal Building that he intended to fast there publicly “until death if necessary,” in order to raise $100,000 to fight the Briggs Initiative, a proposed amendment to the state’s education code that would ban gay and lesbian California teachers from working in the state’s public schools.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 1.59.39 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T21:01:16+00:001972Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Harvey Milk_thumb.jpeg2021-12-02T22:45:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491977 Harvey Milk - The Gay Rights Movement6November 8, 1977 Harvey Milk wins a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and is responsible for introducing a gay rights ordinance protecting gays and lesbians from being fired from their jobs. Milk also leads a successful campaign against Proposition 6, an initiative forbidding homosexual teachers.media/Harvey Milk.jpegplain2022-07-08T19:38:53+00:001977Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Harvey_Milk_thumb.jpeg2022-02-28T23:59:05+00:00Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a61978 California Proposition 6: Briggs Initiative1Harvey Milk at the Gay Pride Parade carrying a side reading, “I'm from Woodmere, New York” SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE/HEARST NEWSPAPERS VIA GETTY IMAGES. https://www.teenvogue.com/story/harvey-milk-lgbtq-activist-legacymedia/Harvey_Milk.jpegplain2022-02-28T23:59:05+00:001978Dianne Sanchez Shumwaycebf33b775182a1705dfec7188306245482120a6
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.01.13 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:02:19+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491975 Black April1Helicopter pilot O.B. Harnage reaches out to help Vietnamese evacuees escape Saigon on April 29, 1975. VIPs and other Vietnamese had been gathering at the location in hopes of a rescue. Wooden stairs had been built to the top of the roof’s elevator shaft to aid the evacuation. Harnage made three pickups, packing 20 people onto each flight. To make room for them all, he rode outside the bird, standing on the skid while gripping a machine gun. The station chief had ordered him to concentrate on the VIPs, but Harnage decided to board on a first-come, first-serve basis. Some parents handed him their children with heartbreaking notes pinned to the kids’ clothes, such as, “My son wants to be a doctor” and “My daughter is very musical.”media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.01.13 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:02:19+00:00April 29, 1975Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.03.38 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:05:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491978 Vietnamese boat people1Vietnamese boat peoplemedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.03.38 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:05:20+00:001975Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.09.08 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:10:14+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970s Spike in Mexican Migration3Mexican immigrants boarding a plane in Los Angeles California as they are being deported back to their native Mexico, July 27, 1976. AP Photo -n the 1960s Mexican officials discouraged emigration, but by the 1970s, those same officials encouraged the departures of working-class men as a solution to high unemployment and population growth in the country. Simultaneously, the U.S. government attempted to address these problems by fortifying the border and conducting raids in Latina/o communities. Migrants described their diminished capacity to belong in local and national spaces by characterizing themselves as being “neither from here nor from there” – ni de aquí ni de allá. When they resided in their hometowns in Mexico, their families and friends pressured them to head north to make money. Conversely, when they moved to new cities and towns in the U.S., their communities in Mexico insisted that they return home. Migrants unwittingly resisted the idea that they were superfluous in Mexico by becoming indispensable economic agents in their hometowns through the money they sent from abroad. They countered their illegality north of the border by establishing that undocumented migrants deserved constitutional rights and creating new meanings of community life. These actions provided them with partial inclusion in the multiple locales they lived, but only as migrants who lived, at least some of their time, in the United States. For their part, elderly Mexican men, along with women and queer men, commonly responded to dominant gender and sexual ideologies by remaining in Mexico and depending on foreign remittances to survive.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.09.08 PM.pngplain2023-03-25T23:44:08+00:001970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.22.27 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:23:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491975 - CAMBODIA-KHMER ROUGE-REFUGEES1“In April 1975, refugees left Cambodia when the Communist Party of Kampuchea took control of the country. Frequently referred to as the Khmer Rouge, the regime had one goal: to create a communal utopia where everyone worked on farms. Production and distribution of goods were based on the Socialist principle: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” On April 17, 1975, Khmer Rouge soldiers invaded the capital Phnom Penh and seized control. Soldiers forced residents out of their homes, hospital patients out of their beds, and made them walk to the countryside. Civil rights, politics and private property were abolished. Schools and colleges were closed and used as army bases. Medicine and hospitals were destroyed as part of erasing modern institutions. To accomplish their goal, the Khmer Rouge killed 90 percent of the country’s middle and upper class – doctors, lawyers, teachers, business owners and anyone with an education who might rebel. In less than four years, two-million people died from starvation, exhaustion, diseases or executions. PHNOM PENH - APRIL 17: A photo taken 17 April 1975 in Phnom Penh of Cambodian refugees moving, after the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh and establish government of Democratic Kampuchea (DK). (Photo by AFP via Getty Images)media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.22.27 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:23:58+00:001975Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.24.57 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:26:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49The Mothers Who Fought To Radically Reimagine Welfare1At its height, the National Welfare Rights Organization had more than 25,000 dues-paying members. Some people have called it "the largest black feminist organization in American history." Jack Rottier Collection/George Mason University Libraries “I'm a black woman. I'm a poor woman. I'm a fat woman. I'm a middle-aged woman. And I'm on welfare. In this country, if you're any one of those things you count less as a human being. If you're all those things, you don't count at all.” - Johnnie Tillmonmedia/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.24.57 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:26:58+00:001960s- 70sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.27.20 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:28:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970s NWRO Timeline21970 NWRO fights Nixon’s Family Assistance Plan (FAP); Senator Eugene McCarthy introduces NWRO’s $5,500 Guaranteed Adequate Income Plan. 1971 Operation Nevada: NWRO fights massive recipient cut-offs; march along Las Vegas casino strip. March 25, 1972 Children’s March for Survival; 50,000 demonstrate in Washington, DC. July 1972 NWRO Adequate Income Proposals--$6,500 NOW—win almost 1,000 (of 1,500 needed for majority to adopt) at Democratic National Convention in Miami (where McGovern was nominated). December 1972 Dr. George Wiley announces his departure from NWRO to begin the Movement for Economic Justice; Mrs. Johnnie Tillmon, past chair-person of NWRO becomes its Executive Director. August 1973 George Wiley is killed in an alleged boating accident. 1974 NWRO forced to close Washington, DC national office due to lack of funds.media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.27.20 PM.pngplain2023-03-25T23:45:32+00:001970-74Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/National Welfare Rights Organization_thumb.jpeg2022-08-02T00:26:46+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 The National Welfare Rights Organization1“I’m a woman. I’m a Black woman. I’m a poor woman. I’m a fat woman. I’m a middle-aged woman. And I’m on welfare,” Tillmon writes in her landmark 1972 essay, “Welfare is a Women’s Issue,” published in Ms. magazine. “In this country, if you’re any of those things you count less as a human being. If you’re all of those things, you don’t count at all.” In 1966—three years after ANC-MA’s founding—welfare recipients built a national group: the National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO). The NWRO used lobbying and direct action to pursue a three-pronged agenda: a “guaranteed annual income”, an increase in “availability of welfare benefits and services”, and improved “access to consumer credit ([3], p. 301).” Johnnie Tillmon was selected to serve as the NWRO’s chair, bringing with her the knowledge and experience she had gained in California. Across California, welfare-rights activism grew organically: in living rooms and churches. It organized in direct opposition to the language and policies of Governor Ronald Reagan, the California legislature, bigoted social workers, and even middle-class black and feminist communities. It formed local organizations, including Tillmon’s ANC-MA, the California Welfare Rights Organization (CWRO), and many others. Imedia/National Welfare Rights Organization.jpegplain2022-08-02T00:26:46+00:001966file:///Users/labuser/Downloads/humanities-06-00014-v2.pdfGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.30.01 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:30:59+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 ANC Mothers Organize Healthcare Seminars1“In October 1971, for example, Tillmon and other ANC Mothers organized a seminar on “prepaid medical programs in the state of California” so low-income people could know their healthcare options. Over 200 people attended the seminar. With the help of seminars like these, recipients could sift through legal language and learn how new policies would impact them.”media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.30.01 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:30:59+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.33.16 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:34:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 NWRO Protest Outside Welfare Office1“A crowd of mostly women demonstrators stage a sit-in outside the Welfare office at 614 H Street NE May 8, 1970. The specifics of the protest are unknown, but recurrent issues involved unwarranted searches of homes by welfare case workers, greater levels of economic assistance and protesting the so-called “man in the house rule” that broke up families. The protest occurred in the days following President Richard Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia that widened the Vietnam War. The National Welfare Rights Organization was pressing two demands at the time: a minimum $5,500 income for a family of four and an end to the Vietnam War and the subsequent diversion of military dollars into social welfare programs. The Nixon administration was proposing $1,200 for a family of four at the time. A few days after the demonstration at the District welfare office, the National Welfare Rights Organization staged a sit-in at the office of Health, Education and Welfare Secretary Robert Finch where they pressed their two demands. Two dozen people were arrested when they refused to leave Finch’s office.”media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.33.16 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:34:10+00:00May 8, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.32.01 PM_thumb.png2023-03-17T23:32:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Welfare Rights Workshop At Chicano Conference1“Escalante understood that to fight for economic justice and self-respect, you had to fight racism, classism and sexism. She realized, too, that these interlocking systems of oppression did not just affect low income, single Chicana and Mexicana mothers, but all impoverished women and people generally.”media/Screen Shot 2023-03-17 at 4.32.01 PM.pngplain2023-03-17T23:32:56+00:00July 21, 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49