Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los AngelesMain MenuResearch of the DecadesResearch1960s Illustration DevelopmentIllustration DevelopmentPlaylists of the DecadesPlaylistssparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fcGreat Wall Institute - Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
1term2021-12-01T21:37:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960sGina Leon189timeline2022-10-14T21:25:58+00:00Date of Creation 2000sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
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1media/The Black Cat Tavern Photo_thumb.jpeg2022-01-28T01:00:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 The Black Cat Tavern Protest9Against police raids on Gay bars on February 11 of 1967. This took place two years before Stonewall. Los Angeles was first to publish The Advocate, a gay magazine and the fmedia/The Black Cat Tavern Photo.jpegfull2022-08-06T01:34:45+00:001967Isabel Duron4726413e2c4e6b64fa62c586b1a781ab2c26d578
12022-07-19T21:26:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Riots on Sunset Strip5gallery2022-07-20T00:10:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/1967 Protestor removed by police_thumb.jpeg2022-07-09T00:36:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Century City Protestor removed by Police4In retrospect, the Century Plaza demonstration was one of the earliest battlegrounds. The original idea was to stage a march from Rancho Park, up Pico Boulevard and past the hotel on Avenue of the Stars, then turn onto Santa Monica Boulevard and go home. But as the marchers reached the hotel, a vanguard of radicals ignored the terms of the police permit and sat down in the street. The march halted. Police said they issued a dispersal order several times on a powerful loudspeaker, but many demonstrators said that in all the noise and chants they failed to hear it. Then hundreds of officers moved in, their nightsticks held in front of them, pushing the demonstrators away. Some of the people fought back. Some photographs show police swinging their nightsticks at marchers who were not resisting. A particularly bitter clash took place under the Olympic Boulevard bridge. …June 23, 1967: A protester is removed from Century Plaza during a speech by President Lyndon Johnson.(Frank Q. Brown / Los Angeles Times Archive/UCLA)media/1967 Protestor removed by police.jpegplain2022-07-09T00:38:44+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Antiwar Protestor Centry City_thumb.jpeg2022-07-09T00:44:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 The Bloody March - America at War with Itself3Century City Demonstration ) - demonstration’s co-leaders, Irving Sarnoff and Donald Kalish. June 23, 1967: An antiwar protester is removed by LAPD officers at Century Plaza Hotel.(Frank Q. Brown / Los Angeles Times)media/Antiwar Protestor Centry City.jpegplain2022-07-09T00:44:41+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.57.07 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T21:01:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Asian Americans not only called for peace in order to bring troops home, but also protested U.S. intervention and imperialism in Vietnam2As a newly-formed group identity, Asian American consciousness was rooted in the communities from which they came. Actively seeking to reclaim their histories and to find their own voices, they sought out narratives from their ancestors and elders. They became engaged with their home neighborhoods, creating local programs to “serve the people” and to rally the masses. They also sought to forge solidarities across ethnicity, race, and national boundaries as they identified with other “Third World” peoples. This term recognized the exploitative relations in the global hierarchy where the least developed nations faced oppressive histories and conditions similar to historically marginalized communities in the U.S. Through the practice of supporting one another’s movements and struggles, Asian American students built a collective identity and common cause to address racial injustices. Additionally, Asian American students were deeply influenced by major international developments of the 1960s. The anti-war movement against U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia reached its apex on campuses in early 1968; the success of North Vietnam’s Tet offensive demonstrated that despite the onslaught of U.S. military might, the war could not be easily won. Asian American war protestors realized their paradoxical position. On one hand, they knew they were Americans, but they were being sent to fight an enemy that not only looked like them, but were in a subordinate position in the world order like they found themselves to be within boundaries of their own countrymedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.57.07 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T21:01:56+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Antiwar Protestor Centry City_thumb.jpeg2022-07-12T20:47:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Century City Antiwar Protest (Draft Post)2Description of image itself - Getty Images LA Timesmedia/Antiwar Protestor Centry City.jpegplain2022-07-12T20:48:53+00:0019671967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.45.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T20:47:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s/1970s GIDRA Staff photo2Murase, who completed his undergraduate degree in 1970, said he had few opportunities to learn about Asian Americans in the classroom. In response, he and five other UCLA students established Gidra in 1969, a monthly newspaper that highlighted and commented on Asian American issues while also enabling local artists and writers to share their work. Gidra was initially established at Campbell Hall as an Asian American student publication, Murase said. As Gidra’s influence began to extend beyond UCLA following its early publications, Murase said he and his peers moved their operations to a rented office on Jefferson Boulevard – about five and a half miles from UCLA – and accepted submissions from the larger community, including those who lived outside of Los Angeles or were not of Asian descent. Through the work of its volunteer staff and contributors, Gidra produced a total of 60 issues before its closure in 1974, Murase added. Coming of age in the 1960s, Asian American students at universities developed a new, distinct consciousness as Asian Americans shaped by the racial and international context of the time. By 1968, when the Asian American population numbered about 1.3 million, 80 percent of Japanese Americans and about 50 percent of Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, respectively, were born in the United States. Asian Americans had come to reach the same educational attainment as whites, but still earned substantially less because of racial discrimination. For example, in 1960 Filipinos earned only 61 percent of the income of whites with comparable educations. Japanese and Chinese also earned less than their white counterparts, making 77 percent and 87 percent, respectively. Among the 107,366 Asian American college students on university campuses in 1970, Chinese and Japanese made up the vast majority, with over eight out of ten Asian American students being of either Japanese or Chinese American descent.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.45.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T20:53:12+00:001960s/1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.39.42 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:54:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s/1970s Asian American protest2Community and Place Mao told his followers to “serve the people,” and Movement activists took the call to heart. In the context of Los Angeles, they found their calling in historic Japanese, Filipino and Chinese American communities. Often neglected by government agencies and limited by language access and social stigma, these neighborhoods needed jobs, health services, and education access. As these younger, college-educated, radicalized Asian Americans worked in the community, they built intergenerational bridges and emphasized the importance of place. Their battles against eviction and redevelopment took on a double urgency: both protecting historical communities and the new Movement centers that shared spaces with them.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.39.42 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:55:13+00:001960s-1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Griffith Park 1960s_thumb.jpeg2022-07-16T00:49:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Gay-In festival at Griffin Park2media/Griffith Park 1960s.jpegplain2022-07-16T00:49:14+00:00Crowd gathers at the Gay-In at Griffith Park, Los Angeles. 1970.unknownGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Youth Being Search _thumb.jpeg2022-07-19T23:40:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Youth being searched by police during crackdown on the Sunset Strip2TitleYouth being searched by police during crackdown on the Sunset Strip, Los Angeles, Calif., 1966media/Youth Being Search .jpegplain2022-07-19T23:53:05+00:00SUNSET SEARCH--A boy leans against bus as officer searches him Friday night on Sunset Strip. Officers turned out in force to prevent another riot by the long-haired youths who visit strip on weekends.November 20, 1966UCLA, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research LibraryGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 5.26.07 PM_thumb.png2022-10-06T00:27:29+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 “Liberation,” January 1971 issue of Gidra1Though Gidra included women on its staff and women’s issues in its pages, a series of “rap sessions” led to a special women’s issue in 1971 with the word “Liberation” and a large Venus symbol on the cover. The issue linked international questions to those at home, from war brides and G.I.s to struggles of women within the Asian American Movement. The focus on the global and the local was also present in the popular International Women’s Day celebrations. Beginning in 1974, the festival united many of the different Movement groups in a common recognition of women’s struggles.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 5.26.07 PM.pngplain2022-10-06T00:27:29+00:00January 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.02.25 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:04:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 - Marching for peace-rally through through the streets of Little Tokyo1For many young Asian Americans in the 1960s, the War in Vietnam was a brutal and urgent politicization. Watching the war unfold on the nightly news, a common sentiment was that America “killing people who looked like us.” Unlike the mainstream anti-war movement, many Asian Americans saw the Vietnam War as genocidal, or at least imperialist. They placed the war within the larger history of anti-Asian racism in America and imperialist expansion into the Third World. In 1969, Asians Americans for Peace was founded in Los Angeles. Groups like the Thai Binh and Van Troi Brigades (named after Vietnamese freedom fighters) formed to mobilize youth. Meanwhile, Asian Movement for Military Outreachmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.02.25 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:04:55+00:00January 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.26.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:28:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491972 JoAnne/Nobuko Miyamoto and Chris Iijima perform at the Third World Storefront organization1Art and Communication The Movement marked the first time Asian people collectively owned and created their own images in this country. Culture—musical, visual, written, performed—was a way to exorcise and subvert dominant American narratives. Young artists had to cut against the stereotypes and caricatures they had been fed since youth. Art was “for the people”: and there was little differentiation between it and activism, and it infused the new identity of Asian America with anti-imperialist and multiethnic critiques. Los Angeles became home to the first Asian American films ever made. Community-based and politically-charged, they showed Asian struggles, families, and histories in a way Hollywood never imagined. A plethora of newspapers got out the word. From personal essays to reports on U.S. militarism and Asian communities, the concerns and goals of the Movement took shape in those worn and circulated pages.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.26.41 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:28:25+00:001972Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.34.10 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:35:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 three young activists in New York City recorded A Grain of Sand: Music for the Struggle by Asians in America1The Movement marked the first time Asian people collectively owned and created their own images in this country. It was no small feat: young artists had to cut against the stereotypes and caricatures they had been fed since youth. These lines from “We Are the Children” on the seminal album A Grain of Sand capture this tension: Foster children of the Pepsi generation Cowboys and Indians ride, red man, ride! Watching war movies with the next-door neighbor Secretly rooting for the other side Culture—musical, visual, written, performed—was a way to exorcise and subvert dominant American narratives. It infused the new identity of Asian America with anti-imperialist and multiethnic critiques. The verse above both names a dominant paradigm then re-appropriates the image of the heroic cowboy and soldier by actually identifying with the ‘villain’—in this case, the indigenous and Asian combatants.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.34.10 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:35:53+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.33.47 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T21:36:41+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 SFSU Mass Strike Called1THE CALL FOR ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES ON WEST COAST CAMPUSES, As students became involved with both international and local issues, they began to call for a relevant education that could address these concerns. However, as Irene Dea expressed, they found a system of higher education that largely excluded students of color from admission and whose courses showed little reflection of their histories and experiencesmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.33.47 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T21:36:41+00:00November 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.39.31 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T20:43:01+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s/1970s GIDRA sisters1Titled “GIDRA sisters,” this photo was one of the most widely-circulated photos of the GIDRA staff. It intended to express outrage against racist and sexist advertisements found in other newspapers that objectified Asian women. Former Gidra staff described their organization as a place where they could explore and connect with their Asian American identities.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.39.31 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T20:43:01+00:001960s/1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Rioters on the Sunset Strip in 1966. Julian Wasser_thumb.jpeg2022-02-03T01:20:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Riots on the Sunset Strip1The Battle of Sunset Strip, from 1966 to 1968, was the most celebrated episode in the struggle of teenagers of all colors during the 1960s and 1970s to create their own realm of freedom and carnivalesque sociality within the Southern California night. Here the Peace and Freedom Party connect the kids' protests with the Black Panthers.media/Rioters on the Sunset Strip in 1966. Julian Wasser.jpegplain2022-02-03T01:20:32+00:001966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Freedoom for Asian Americans_thumb.jpeg2022-07-22T18:43:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Anti-War demonstration on Wilshire Blvd1Politicized by War For many young Asian Americans in the 1960s, the War in Vietnam was a brutal and urgent politicization. Watching the war unfold on the nightly news, a common sentiment was that America “killing people who looked like us.” Unlike the mainstream anti-war movement, many Asian Americans saw the Vietnam War as genocidal, or at least imperialist. They placed the war within the larger history of anti-Asian racism in America and imperialist expansion into the Third World.media/Freedoom for Asian Americans.jpegplain2022-07-22T18:43:34+00:001971/72Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/chicanafeminism-1_thumb.jpeg2022-07-20T19:30:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Chicana Feminists1Chicana feminists in Southern California engaged in a range of groups and activities, both on college campuses and in their communities - often both. Regardless of the specifics of their politics or focus, most were initially politicized in the Chicano movement of the late 1960s; and most developed their feminist consciousness as a result of their direct experience with sexism in that movement. The six individual narrators in this series reflect this common background. The four activists in Hijas de Cuauhtemoc (Anna NietoGomez, Corinne Sanchez, Leticia Hernandez and Sylvia Castillo) cut their political eye teeth in the Chicano student group, UMAS/MEChA, at CSULB. In fact, it was their experiences in MEChA that motivated them to form the Hijas group (which published a newspaper by the same name). They were also involved in community groups and continued this activism after they left college, particularly in the Chicana Service Action Center. Yolanda Nava , who was one of the founding members of Comision Femenil Mexicana (CFM) and later served a term as president, was also introduced to the Chicano movement through MEChA. Although more than a decade older than these activists, Consuelo Nieto had similar experiences with sexism. Her introduction to the Chicano movement came while she was teaching in the schools in ELA, where high school students had organized to demand better education. A word about language in this series: While the term Anglo came to be used later, during the heyday of the Chicana feminist movement - and particularly in the debate and conflict with those who excoriated the feminists - White was the term most often used. In their interviews, the women themselves used the term White. It should also be noted that Cuauhtemoc is sometimes spelled "Cuahtemoc." NOTE: The interviews with the founders and former members of Hijas de Cuauhtemoc were conducted by Maylei Blackwell for what became her larger research project. As a courtesy to her, the audio recordings of these interviews will not be available until 2006. Until then, they can be used on-site at CSULB with her permission. See also her essay, "Contested histories: las hijas de Cuauhtâemoc, Chicana feminisms, and print culture in the Chicano movement, 1968-1973" in Gabriela Arredondo et al., Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003) and the response by Anna NietoGomez. See also the writings of Anna NietoGomez, and other femenista pioneers in Alma Garcia, ed., Chicana Feminist Thought: Basic Historical Writings. New York: Routledge, 1997.media/chicanafeminism-1.jpegplain2022-07-20T19:30:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Before Stonewall_thumb.jpeg2022-07-16T00:57:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Police Raid Silverlake's Black Cat1"As the Rhythm Queens, a trio of black women, sang a rock version of "Auld Lang Syne," balloons fell from the ceiling and gay men exchanged the traditional midnight kiss. That was when uniformed police, who had been alerted by the undercover officers, rushed in and began to swing billy clubs, tear down leftover Christmas ornaments, break furnishings, and beat men brutally. Sixteen customers and employees were arrested and forced to lie face down on the sidewalk until squad cars came to take them away."- GAY L.A.media/Before Stonewall.jpegplain2022-07-16T00:57:50+00:00Lillian Faderman and Stuart TimmonsGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-15 at 5.35.01 PM_thumb.png2022-07-16T00:35:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 First national gay newsmagazine (The Advocate, 1967)1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-15 at 5.35.01 PM.pngplain2022-07-16T00:35:51+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Gay Rights in the 1960s_thumb.jpeg2022-07-15T23:50:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 First Pride Parade as part of the First National Homophile Protest to end the ban on gays in the military1Although organized by the National conference of Homophile Organizations, Los Angeles was the only city to stage a parade.media/Gay Rights in the 1960s.jpegplain2022-07-15T23:50:49+00:001960sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/1967 — Vietnam War Opposition _thumb.jpg2022-07-13T00:59:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Vietnam War Opposition1Dr. Benjamin Spock and Rev. Martin Luther King protest against the Vietnam War along Central Park West.media/1967 — Vietnam War Opposition .jpgplain2022-07-13T00:59:10+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/1967 Century City Protest_thumb.jpeg2022-07-09T00:34:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Century City Antiwar Protest1Far more powerfully, the Century Plaza confrontation foreshadowed the explosive growth of the national antiwar movement and its inevitable confrontations with police. It shaped the movement’s rising militancy, particularly among the sizable number of middle-class protesters who expected to do nothing more than chant against Johnson outside the $1,000-a-plate Democratic Party fundraising dinner and were outraged by the LAPD’s hard-line tactics. Johnson rarely campaigned in public again, except for appearances at safe places like military bases. Within nine months, opposition to the war grew so strong that he shelved his reelection campaign. White liberals in Los Angeles, meanwhile, began to complain about excessive force by the LAPD, a subject traditionally raised only by black and Latino residents. By the next summer, when Chicago police beat demonstrators in the street outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the country was at war with itself. In retrospect, the Century Plaza demonstration was one of the earliest battlegrounds. …media/1967 Century City Protest.jpegplain2022-07-09T00:34:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Sal Castro Large_thumb.jpeg2022-02-03T01:52:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49March 1968 Sal Castro with walkout students at Lincoln High School1Image courtesy of LA Times Photographic Archive, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Set the Night on Fire: "Castro, a high school teacher long active in liberal and Mexican-American causes, was a key force in organizing student walkouts to protest school conditions in East L.A. The "Blowouts", as they were soon called, were genesis events in the emergence of a new, militant "Chicano" identity.media/Sal Castro Large.jpegplain2022-02-03T01:52:12+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49