Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los AngelesMain MenuResearch of the DecadesResearch1960s Illustration DevelopmentIllustration DevelopmentPlaylists of the DecadesPlaylistssparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fcGreat Wall Institute - Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
1media/The Black Cat Tavern Photo_thumb.jpeg2022-01-28T01:00:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 The Black Cat Tavern Protest9Against police raids on Gay bars on February 11 of 1967. This took place two years before Stonewall. Los Angeles was first to publish The Advocate, a gay magazine and the fmedia/The Black Cat Tavern Photo.jpegfull2022-08-06T01:34:45+00:001967Isabel Duron4726413e2c4e6b64fa62c586b1a781ab2c26d578
12022-07-19T21:26:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Riots on Sunset Strip5gallery2022-07-20T00:10:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/1967 Protestor removed by police_thumb.jpeg2022-07-09T00:36:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Century City Protestor removed by Police4In retrospect, the Century Plaza demonstration was one of the earliest battlegrounds. The original idea was to stage a march from Rancho Park, up Pico Boulevard and past the hotel on Avenue of the Stars, then turn onto Santa Monica Boulevard and go home. But as the marchers reached the hotel, a vanguard of radicals ignored the terms of the police permit and sat down in the street. The march halted. Police said they issued a dispersal order several times on a powerful loudspeaker, but many demonstrators said that in all the noise and chants they failed to hear it. Then hundreds of officers moved in, their nightsticks held in front of them, pushing the demonstrators away. Some of the people fought back. Some photographs show police swinging their nightsticks at marchers who were not resisting. A particularly bitter clash took place under the Olympic Boulevard bridge. …June 23, 1967: A protester is removed from Century Plaza during a speech by President Lyndon Johnson.(Frank Q. Brown / Los Angeles Times Archive/UCLA)media/1967 Protestor removed by police.jpegplain2022-07-09T00:38:44+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.22.32 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:24:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Protestor with fist raised4~4,000 gathered on rainy day to protest. This first gathering is documented in the 1st issue of La Raza magazine.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.22.32 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:14:45+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.25.39 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:27:57+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Las Adelitas de Aztlán join protest4“After leaving the Brown Berets, Arellanes — along with Jensen and her sister, Grace; Andrea and Esther Sánchez; Lorraine Escalante; Yolanda Solis; and Arlene Sánchez — founded Las Adelitas de Aztlán. The name referred to the soldaderas who fought alongside the men during the Mexican Revolution. They invited members of the community to join them and on Feb. 28, 1970, they made their public debut at the second anti-war moratorium in East Los Angeles.” Members of Las Adelitas de Aztlán at the second Chicano Moratorium protest against the Vietnam War on Feb. 28, 1970. At right is Hilda Reyes. They marched in the rain under a banner made by Gloria Arellanes and other members of the group. Las Adelitas dissolved later that year.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.25.39 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:15:39+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.28.42 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:29:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Woman and man hold up posters4Man and woman holding posters during the marchmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.28.42 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:16:51+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.37.51 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:40:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Las Adelitas de Aztlán protesting4Two women with crosses marching during the Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.37.51 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:18:52+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.32.37 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:34:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Group of protestors4Protestors holding various sign as they marchmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.32.37 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:19:30+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.45.45 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:47:18+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Young protester holding a sign4Three young protestors carry a sign reading "STOP! CHICANO GENOCIDE" during the 2nd Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.45.45 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:22:00+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.56.34 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:57:08+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Protestors hold anti Vietnam War posters3Chicano Moratorium march down Whittier Blvd in East LA on August 29, 1970.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.56.34 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:32:11+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.52.50 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:53:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Two young protestors hold up a large banner3“Aug. 29, 1970 was the third in a series of anti-war demonstrations that had taken place in East Los Angeles without incident.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.52.50 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:30:01+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.01.49 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:02:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Rosalio Munoz speaks at Laguna Park3Rosalio Munoz speaks at the 3rd Chicano Moratorium rally in East Los Angeles. August 29, 1970. The protest started peacefully and included whole families, mothers with young children protesting against the Vietnam War.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.01.49 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:14:17+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Antiwar Protestor Centry City_thumb.jpeg2022-07-09T00:44:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 The Bloody March - America at War with Itself3Century City Demonstration ) - demonstration’s co-leaders, Irving Sarnoff and Donald Kalish. June 23, 1967: An antiwar protester is removed by LAPD officers at Century Plaza Hotel.(Frank Q. Brown / Los Angeles Times)media/Antiwar Protestor Centry City.jpegplain2022-07-09T00:44:41+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.38.25 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:41:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Beret Newspaper; La Causa3The Brown Berets’ community newspaper. The Women of the Brown Berets were the main editors & illustrators of the La Cuasa papermedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.38.25 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T20:57:20+00:001960sLatinx Movements and ActivismGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.15.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:16:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts in Roosevelt High School2Students protest during a walkout at Roosevelt High School, Devra Weber, 1968; from the La Raza Photograph Collection, courtesy of UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center. That push for diversity and a better educational system is what led to the Chicano Blowouts in 1968, also known as the East L.A. Walkouts. It's estimated that 15,000 to 22,000 students participated in the walkouts. As a result of this massive protest, according to the Los Angeles Conservancy, the school district hired more Latinx educators, implemented bilingual classes and ethnic studies, and at UCLA, the Los Angeles Times reported, a year after the walkouts, Mexican-American student enrollment rose 1,800%.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.15.41 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:51:11+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.57.07 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T21:01:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Asian Americans not only called for peace in order to bring troops home, but also protested U.S. intervention and imperialism in Vietnam2As a newly-formed group identity, Asian American consciousness was rooted in the communities from which they came. Actively seeking to reclaim their histories and to find their own voices, they sought out narratives from their ancestors and elders. They became engaged with their home neighborhoods, creating local programs to “serve the people” and to rally the masses. They also sought to forge solidarities across ethnicity, race, and national boundaries as they identified with other “Third World” peoples. This term recognized the exploitative relations in the global hierarchy where the least developed nations faced oppressive histories and conditions similar to historically marginalized communities in the U.S. Through the practice of supporting one another’s movements and struggles, Asian American students built a collective identity and common cause to address racial injustices. Additionally, Asian American students were deeply influenced by major international developments of the 1960s. The anti-war movement against U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia reached its apex on campuses in early 1968; the success of North Vietnam’s Tet offensive demonstrated that despite the onslaught of U.S. military might, the war could not be easily won. Asian American war protestors realized their paradoxical position. On one hand, they knew they were Americans, but they were being sent to fight an enemy that not only looked like them, but were in a subordinate position in the world order like they found themselves to be within boundaries of their own countrymedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.57.07 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T21:01:56+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.45.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T20:47:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s/1970s GIDRA Staff photo2Murase, who completed his undergraduate degree in 1970, said he had few opportunities to learn about Asian Americans in the classroom. In response, he and five other UCLA students established Gidra in 1969, a monthly newspaper that highlighted and commented on Asian American issues while also enabling local artists and writers to share their work. Gidra was initially established at Campbell Hall as an Asian American student publication, Murase said. As Gidra’s influence began to extend beyond UCLA following its early publications, Murase said he and his peers moved their operations to a rented office on Jefferson Boulevard – about five and a half miles from UCLA – and accepted submissions from the larger community, including those who lived outside of Los Angeles or were not of Asian descent. Through the work of its volunteer staff and contributors, Gidra produced a total of 60 issues before its closure in 1974, Murase added. Coming of age in the 1960s, Asian American students at universities developed a new, distinct consciousness as Asian Americans shaped by the racial and international context of the time. By 1968, when the Asian American population numbered about 1.3 million, 80 percent of Japanese Americans and about 50 percent of Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, respectively, were born in the United States. Asian Americans had come to reach the same educational attainment as whites, but still earned substantially less because of racial discrimination. For example, in 1960 Filipinos earned only 61 percent of the income of whites with comparable educations. Japanese and Chinese also earned less than their white counterparts, making 77 percent and 87 percent, respectively. Among the 107,366 Asian American college students on university campuses in 1970, Chinese and Japanese made up the vast majority, with over eight out of ten Asian American students being of either Japanese or Chinese American descent.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.45.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T20:53:12+00:001960s/1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.39.42 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:54:52+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s/1970s Asian American protest2Community and Place Mao told his followers to “serve the people,” and Movement activists took the call to heart. In the context of Los Angeles, they found their calling in historic Japanese, Filipino and Chinese American communities. Often neglected by government agencies and limited by language access and social stigma, these neighborhoods needed jobs, health services, and education access. As these younger, college-educated, radicalized Asian Americans worked in the community, they built intergenerational bridges and emphasized the importance of place. Their battles against eviction and redevelopment took on a double urgency: both protecting historical communities and the new Movement centers that shared spaces with them.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.39.42 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:55:13+00:001960s-1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.09.03 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:16:35+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 1st Chicano Moratorium: Outside recruiting center2Chicano Moratorium protesters outside the Marine Corps recruiting station, November 19, 1969. | Image courtesy of the UCLA Library Digital Collections, Creative Commons Licensemedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.09.03 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:25:56+00:00November 19, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Youth Being Search _thumb.jpeg2022-07-19T23:40:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Youth being searched by police during crackdown on the Sunset Strip2TitleYouth being searched by police during crackdown on the Sunset Strip, Los Angeles, Calif., 1966media/Youth Being Search .jpegplain2022-07-19T23:53:05+00:00SUNSET SEARCH--A boy leans against bus as officer searches him Friday night on Sunset Strip. Officers turned out in force to prevent another riot by the long-haired youths who visit strip on weekends.November 20, 1966UCLA, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research LibraryGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.23.36 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:24:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: After moratorium demonstration2Chicano Moratorium Committee anti-war demonstrators gather in East L.A. "The biggest, bloodiest disturbance in Los Angeles since Watts five years earlier lasted several hours. When it was over, Los Angeles Times columnist Ruben Salazar was dead and two others mortally wounded, about 200 people were under arrest, 75 law enforcement officers and untold numbers of demonstrators were injured, 95 county vehicles were destroyed or damaged, 44 buildings were pillaged and eight major fires had been set.” “After the Chicano Moratorium, I said no way am I going to put myself in jeopardy ever again,” Jensen says. “Because that’s how scared I was.” Jensen stopped organizingmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.23.36 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:56:13+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Griffith Park 1960s_thumb.jpeg2022-07-16T00:49:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Gay-In festival at Griffin Park2media/Griffith Park 1960s.jpegplain2022-07-16T00:49:14+00:00Crowd gathers at the Gay-In at Griffith Park, Los Angeles. 1970.unknownGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.52.44 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:54:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: 1974 ASCO First Supper After a Major Riot2Harry Gamboa Jr.: LA County sheriffs open fired on innocent students and protestors, and wounded and killed many people who were protesting against the war in Vietnam, and were also protesting against police violence, which was followed by a two to three-and-a-half year crackdown on young people gathering on the streets of East Los Angeles. At the time that we shot [First Supper After a Major Riot], we felt that it had been long enough. It was time for it to be extinguished. And so, we declared it to be a celebration. Willie Herrón: At the time of the Moratorium, I was in high school. I remember the procession originating at Belvedere Park, protesting the Vietnam War and all the Chicanos that lost their lives. The police brutality was incredible. It affected me quite a bit and I think it affected all of us. So that's why Whittier Boulevard became such an important street, and a place for us to conduct our performances and connect them to our community and the way society viewed us at the time.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.52.44 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T01:03:21+00:001974Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.55.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:56:08+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: 1971 ASCO Stations of the Cross2Stations of the Cross was a walking “ritual of resistance” against what the performance group Asco considered the “useless deaths” taking place in Vietnam. The male members of the group (which originally comprised Harry Gamboa Jr., Gronk, Willie Herrón III, and Patssi Valdez) paraded down Whittier Boulevard in East Los Angeles, with Herrón as a Christ/death figure bearing a large cardboard cross. The quasi-Passion Play ended with the trio blocking a U.S. Marines recruiting office with the cross, symbolically halting military recruitment from their Mexican American neighborhood.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.55.02 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T01:05:21+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.39.42 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:46:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Berets members2When he 15, Dr. Sanchez started the Young Chicanos for Community Action in Monterey Park, California. He later changed the name to the Brown Berets, because he had actually purchased one, by chance, and wore it often. From then on, the grassroots group met at various locations, including the Boy’s and Girl’s Club and coffee shops, because they didn’t want police to know their whereabouts. Dr. Sanchez, along with Carlos Montes, another organizer with the Brown Berets, began to take up causes such as police brutality, better education, and discrimination against the Latinx community. Their first protest was in 1967, when they picketed the sheriff's office in East L.A. to protest the killing of Latino men.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.39.42 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T20:52:40+00:001960sLatinx Movements and ActivismGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Antiwar Protestor Centry City_thumb.jpeg2022-07-12T20:47:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Century City Antiwar Protest (Draft Post)2Description of image itself - Getty Images LA Timesmedia/Antiwar Protestor Centry City.jpegplain2022-07-12T20:48:53+00:0019671967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.34.43 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:36:39+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Beret member Gloria Arellenas and others2Undated photo strips show Gloria Arellanes, at left, and at center, with fellow Brown Beret members including, from clockwise: Lorraine Escalante, Hilda Reyes and Arlene Sánchez. (Special Collections & Archives, John F. Kennedy Memorial Library, Cal State LA, Gloria Arellanes Papers) Arrellanes became the minister of Finance & Correspondence after being apoitned by David Sánchez, the group’s founder. She was the only woman on the leadership team.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.34.43 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T20:56:37+00:001960sLatinx Movements and ActivismGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.00.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:47:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Portrait of Brown Beret member Hilda Jensen1Rodriguez took this portrait of a Chicana demonstrator in the neighborhood of Lincoln Heights in 1969 Hilda’s Jenson’s photos has graced the covers of books, films etc, but often the names of her and her fellow women organizers have often gone unrecognized. In 2003 she wrote to filmmaker Jesús Salvador Treviño who had included her image in his memoir to identify her by name and include her maiden name: Hilda Reyes.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.00.02 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:47:42+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.09.32 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:11:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Wilson High School student protester Peter Rodriguez at LAUSD Board of Education meeting1Wilson High School student protester Peter Rodriguez at LAUSD Board of Education meeting. Photo by Los Angeles Public Library. In 1967, Mexican American students throughout the Southwest held a 60% high school dropout rate. If they did graduate, they averaged an 8th-grade reading level. Due to Anglo-centric internal school policies many Chicano students were fielded to vocational training or classes for the mentally disabled. Prejudice from teachers and administrators instigated stereotypes of Mexican Americans that discouraged the students from higher learning. These inequalities in education led to the 1968 East Los Angeles Walkouts, also known as the "Blowouts," which displayed the largest mobilization of Chicano youth leaders in Los Angeles history.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.09.32 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:11:02+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Sal Castro Large_thumb.jpeg2022-02-03T01:52:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49March 1968 Sal Castro with walkout students at Lincoln High School1Image courtesy of LA Times Photographic Archive, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Set the Night on Fire: "Castro, a high school teacher long active in liberal and Mexican-American causes, was a key force in organizing student walkouts to protest school conditions in East L.A. The "Blowouts", as they were soon called, were genesis events in the emergence of a new, militant "Chicano" identity.media/Sal Castro Large.jpegplain2022-02-03T01:52:12+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/1967 Century City Protest_thumb.jpeg2022-07-09T00:34:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Century City Antiwar Protest1Far more powerfully, the Century Plaza confrontation foreshadowed the explosive growth of the national antiwar movement and its inevitable confrontations with police. It shaped the movement’s rising militancy, particularly among the sizable number of middle-class protesters who expected to do nothing more than chant against Johnson outside the $1,000-a-plate Democratic Party fundraising dinner and were outraged by the LAPD’s hard-line tactics. Johnson rarely campaigned in public again, except for appearances at safe places like military bases. Within nine months, opposition to the war grew so strong that he shelved his reelection campaign. White liberals in Los Angeles, meanwhile, began to complain about excessive force by the LAPD, a subject traditionally raised only by black and Latino residents. By the next summer, when Chicago police beat demonstrators in the street outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the country was at war with itself. In retrospect, the Century Plaza demonstration was one of the earliest battlegrounds. …media/1967 Century City Protest.jpegplain2022-07-09T00:34:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/1967 — Vietnam War Opposition _thumb.jpg2022-07-13T00:59:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Vietnam War Opposition1Dr. Benjamin Spock and Rev. Martin Luther King protest against the Vietnam War along Central Park West.media/1967 — Vietnam War Opposition .jpgplain2022-07-13T00:59:10+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Gay Rights in the 1960s_thumb.jpeg2022-07-15T23:50:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 First Pride Parade as part of the First National Homophile Protest to end the ban on gays in the military1Although organized by the National conference of Homophile Organizations, Los Angeles was the only city to stage a parade.media/Gay Rights in the 1960s.jpegplain2022-07-15T23:50:49+00:001960sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-15 at 5.35.01 PM_thumb.png2022-07-16T00:35:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 First national gay newsmagazine (The Advocate, 1967)1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-15 at 5.35.01 PM.pngplain2022-07-16T00:35:51+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Before Stonewall_thumb.jpeg2022-07-16T00:57:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 Police Raid Silverlake's Black Cat1"As the Rhythm Queens, a trio of black women, sang a rock version of "Auld Lang Syne," balloons fell from the ceiling and gay men exchanged the traditional midnight kiss. That was when uniformed police, who had been alerted by the undercover officers, rushed in and began to swing billy clubs, tear down leftover Christmas ornaments, break furnishings, and beat men brutally. Sixteen customers and employees were arrested and forced to lie face down on the sidewalk until squad cars came to take them away."- GAY L.A.media/Before Stonewall.jpegplain2022-07-16T00:57:50+00:00Lillian Faderman and Stuart TimmonsGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/chicanafeminism-1_thumb.jpeg2022-07-20T19:30:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49Chicana Feminists1Chicana feminists in Southern California engaged in a range of groups and activities, both on college campuses and in their communities - often both. Regardless of the specifics of their politics or focus, most were initially politicized in the Chicano movement of the late 1960s; and most developed their feminist consciousness as a result of their direct experience with sexism in that movement. The six individual narrators in this series reflect this common background. The four activists in Hijas de Cuauhtemoc (Anna NietoGomez, Corinne Sanchez, Leticia Hernandez and Sylvia Castillo) cut their political eye teeth in the Chicano student group, UMAS/MEChA, at CSULB. In fact, it was their experiences in MEChA that motivated them to form the Hijas group (which published a newspaper by the same name). They were also involved in community groups and continued this activism after they left college, particularly in the Chicana Service Action Center. Yolanda Nava , who was one of the founding members of Comision Femenil Mexicana (CFM) and later served a term as president, was also introduced to the Chicano movement through MEChA. Although more than a decade older than these activists, Consuelo Nieto had similar experiences with sexism. Her introduction to the Chicano movement came while she was teaching in the schools in ELA, where high school students had organized to demand better education. A word about language in this series: While the term Anglo came to be used later, during the heyday of the Chicana feminist movement - and particularly in the debate and conflict with those who excoriated the feminists - White was the term most often used. In their interviews, the women themselves used the term White. It should also be noted that Cuauhtemoc is sometimes spelled "Cuahtemoc." NOTE: The interviews with the founders and former members of Hijas de Cuauhtemoc were conducted by Maylei Blackwell for what became her larger research project. As a courtesy to her, the audio recordings of these interviews will not be available until 2006. Until then, they can be used on-site at CSULB with her permission. See also her essay, "Contested histories: las hijas de Cuauhtâemoc, Chicana feminisms, and print culture in the Chicano movement, 1968-1973" in Gabriela Arredondo et al., Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003) and the response by Anna NietoGomez. See also the writings of Anna NietoGomez, and other femenista pioneers in Alma Garcia, ed., Chicana Feminist Thought: Basic Historical Writings. New York: Routledge, 1997.media/chicanafeminism-1.jpegplain2022-07-20T19:30:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Freedoom for Asian Americans_thumb.jpeg2022-07-22T18:43:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 Anti-War demonstration on Wilshire Blvd1Politicized by War For many young Asian Americans in the 1960s, the War in Vietnam was a brutal and urgent politicization. Watching the war unfold on the nightly news, a common sentiment was that America “killing people who looked like us.” Unlike the mainstream anti-war movement, many Asian Americans saw the Vietnam War as genocidal, or at least imperialist. They placed the war within the larger history of anti-Asian racism in America and imperialist expansion into the Third World.media/Freedoom for Asian Americans.jpegplain2022-07-22T18:43:34+00:001971/72Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.02.25 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:04:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 - Marching for peace-rally through through the streets of Little Tokyo1For many young Asian Americans in the 1960s, the War in Vietnam was a brutal and urgent politicization. Watching the war unfold on the nightly news, a common sentiment was that America “killing people who looked like us.” Unlike the mainstream anti-war movement, many Asian Americans saw the Vietnam War as genocidal, or at least imperialist. They placed the war within the larger history of anti-Asian racism in America and imperialist expansion into the Third World. In 1969, Asians Americans for Peace was founded in Los Angeles. Groups like the Thai Binh and Van Troi Brigades (named after Vietnamese freedom fighters) formed to mobilize youth. Meanwhile, Asian Movement for Military Outreachmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.02.25 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:04:55+00:00January 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.26.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:28:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491972 JoAnne/Nobuko Miyamoto and Chris Iijima perform at the Third World Storefront organization1Art and Communication The Movement marked the first time Asian people collectively owned and created their own images in this country. Culture—musical, visual, written, performed—was a way to exorcise and subvert dominant American narratives. Young artists had to cut against the stereotypes and caricatures they had been fed since youth. Art was “for the people”: and there was little differentiation between it and activism, and it infused the new identity of Asian America with anti-imperialist and multiethnic critiques. Los Angeles became home to the first Asian American films ever made. Community-based and politically-charged, they showed Asian struggles, families, and histories in a way Hollywood never imagined. A plethora of newspapers got out the word. From personal essays to reports on U.S. militarism and Asian communities, the concerns and goals of the Movement took shape in those worn and circulated pages.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.26.41 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:28:25+00:001972Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.34.10 PM_thumb.png2022-10-05T23:35:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 three young activists in New York City recorded A Grain of Sand: Music for the Struggle by Asians in America1The Movement marked the first time Asian people collectively owned and created their own images in this country. It was no small feat: young artists had to cut against the stereotypes and caricatures they had been fed since youth. These lines from “We Are the Children” on the seminal album A Grain of Sand capture this tension: Foster children of the Pepsi generation Cowboys and Indians ride, red man, ride! Watching war movies with the next-door neighbor Secretly rooting for the other side Culture—musical, visual, written, performed—was a way to exorcise and subvert dominant American narratives. It infused the new identity of Asian America with anti-imperialist and multiethnic critiques. The verse above both names a dominant paradigm then re-appropriates the image of the heroic cowboy and soldier by actually identifying with the ‘villain’—in this case, the indigenous and Asian combatants.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 4.34.10 PM.pngplain2022-10-05T23:35:53+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 5.26.07 PM_thumb.png2022-10-06T00:27:29+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491971 “Liberation,” January 1971 issue of Gidra1Though Gidra included women on its staff and women’s issues in its pages, a series of “rap sessions” led to a special women’s issue in 1971 with the word “Liberation” and a large Venus symbol on the cover. The issue linked international questions to those at home, from war brides and G.I.s to struggles of women within the Asian American Movement. The focus on the global and the local was also present in the popular International Women’s Day celebrations. Beginning in 1974, the festival united many of the different Movement groups in a common recognition of women’s struggles.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-05 at 5.26.07 PM.pngplain2022-10-06T00:27:29+00:00January 1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.39.31 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T20:43:01+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s/1970s GIDRA sisters1Titled “GIDRA sisters,” this photo was one of the most widely-circulated photos of the GIDRA staff. It intended to express outrage against racist and sexist advertisements found in other newspapers that objectified Asian women. Former Gidra staff described their organization as a place where they could explore and connect with their Asian American identities.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 1.39.31 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T20:43:01+00:001960s/1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.33.47 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T21:36:41+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 SFSU Mass Strike Called1THE CALL FOR ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES ON WEST COAST CAMPUSES, As students became involved with both international and local issues, they began to call for a relevant education that could address these concerns. However, as Irene Dea expressed, they found a system of higher education that largely excluded students of color from admission and whose courses showed little reflection of their histories and experiencesmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 2.33.47 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T21:36:41+00:00November 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.11.22 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:15:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts in Boyle Heights1“George Rodriguez, Boyle Heights, 1968. ‘Some kid got hit on the head by the cops during the Walkouts. I called these images ‘a field day for the heat.’ They were just kids.’”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.11.22 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:15:10+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.17.19 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:18:29+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts make it into LAUSD Board of Education1Protestors demand that the LAUSD board of education reinstate teacher Sal Castro, who assisted the student demonstratorsmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.17.19 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:18:29+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 1.53.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:20:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts at Venice High School1WALKOUT AT VENICE--Police stand guard at Venice High School where about half the 3,000-member student body left classes during the lunch hour. Hundreds of students gathered in front of the school and police declared gathering was unlawful. Twelve were arrested.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 1.53.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:20:32+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.21.00 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:24:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Female student being arrested at Venice High School Walkout1LOS ANGELES, CA - MARCH 12: Image originally published on March 13, 1968--Police struggle to arrest a female student at Venice High School during a clash with 1,000 students. She was accused of using obscene and abusive language. Eight people were arrested. March 1, 1968: Over 15,000 Chicanos, students, faculty, and community members, walk out of seven East L.A. high schools. Those schools included: Garfield, Roosevelt, Lincoln, Belmont, Wilson, Venice, and Jefferson High School. Some students from East L.A. junior high schools join the protests, as wellmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.21.00 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:24:42+00:00March 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.57.56 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:20:46+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Brown Berets Poster from La Raza Newspaper1Poster recruiting members to the Brown Berets and La Razamedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.57.56 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:20:46+00:00March 31, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.21.30 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:24:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkout covered in La Raza Newspaper1Article from the La Raza Newspaper covering the East LA blowouts which happened earlier that monthmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.21.30 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:24:20+00:00March 31, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.25.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:26:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkout outside Roosevelt High School1Students protesters carrying signs during a walkout at Roosevelt High School, 1968media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.25.02 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:26:32+00:00March 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.11.01 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:38:01+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Beret belonging to Gloria Arellanes1Gloria Arellanes’ former beret, which is now part of a collection at Cal State LAmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.11.01 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:38:01+00:001960sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Rioters on the Sunset Strip in 1966. Julian Wasser_thumb.jpeg2022-02-03T01:20:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Riots on the Sunset Strip1The Battle of Sunset Strip, from 1966 to 1968, was the most celebrated episode in the struggle of teenagers of all colors during the 1960s and 1970s to create their own realm of freedom and carnivalesque sociality within the Southern California night. Here the Peace and Freedom Party connect the kids' protests with the Black Panthers.media/Rioters on the Sunset Strip in 1966. Julian Wasser.jpegplain2022-02-03T01:20:32+00:001966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.48.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:51:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Official Resignation of all women in the Brown Berets LA chapter1Women of the LA chapter of the Brown Berets collectively resign. In the letter they write: ““We have been treated as nothings, and not as Revolutionary sisters… We have found that the Brown Beret men have oppressed us more than the pig system.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.48.02 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:51:55+00:00February 25, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.14.03 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:18:46+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 1st Chicano Moratorium protester Rosalio Muñoz1Rosalio Muñoz greets Chicano Moratorium activists in November 1969media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.14.03 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T23:18:46+00:00November 19, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49