Great Wall Institute: The Process of the Great Wall of Los AngelesMain MenuResearch of the DecadesResearch1960s Illustration DevelopmentIllustration DevelopmentPlaylists of the DecadesPlaylistssparcinla.org185fc5b2219f38c7b63f42d87efaf997127ba4fcGreat Wall Institute - Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC)
12022-07-15T23:14:59+00:00Isabel Duron4726413e2c4e6b64fa62c586b1a781ab2c26d578Maria Elena Durazo Brief Childhood Summary6Background Research - Timelineplain2022-07-21T17:40:48+00:00Isabel Duron4726413e2c4e6b64fa62c586b1a781ab2c26d578
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.20.25 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:21:43+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Protestors in the rain6Chicano Moratorium march on a February 28, 1970. Events on this rainy day were captured by Jesus Trevino for the fim "Moratorium in the Rain," aired on KCET in 1970 as part of the program Ahora!media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.20.25 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:13:52+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/005_La-Ofrenda-1024x669-820x536.jpg2021-12-02T22:00:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 The United Farm Workers /Hunger Strike51968plain2022-01-07T02:41:39+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.36.01 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:37:05+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Woman with sign and umbrella5Women with umbrella and sign around her neck at the 2nd Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.36.01 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:20:03+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.22.32 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:24:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Protestor with fist raised4~4,000 gathered on rainy day to protest. This first gathering is documented in the 1st issue of La Raza magazine.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.22.32 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:14:45+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.25.39 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:27:57+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Las Adelitas de Aztlán join protest4“After leaving the Brown Berets, Arellanes — along with Jensen and her sister, Grace; Andrea and Esther Sánchez; Lorraine Escalante; Yolanda Solis; and Arlene Sánchez — founded Las Adelitas de Aztlán. The name referred to the soldaderas who fought alongside the men during the Mexican Revolution. They invited members of the community to join them and on Feb. 28, 1970, they made their public debut at the second anti-war moratorium in East Los Angeles.” Members of Las Adelitas de Aztlán at the second Chicano Moratorium protest against the Vietnam War on Feb. 28, 1970. At right is Hilda Reyes. They marched in the rain under a banner made by Gloria Arellanes and other members of the group. Las Adelitas dissolved later that year.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.25.39 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:15:39+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.28.42 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:29:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Woman and man hold up posters4Man and woman holding posters during the marchmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.28.42 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:16:51+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.30.26 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:31:50+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Woman with umbrella4Women holding an umbrella to shelter herself from the rain during the marchmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.30.26 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:17:36+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.37.51 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:40:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Las Adelitas de Aztlán protesting4Two women with crosses marching during the Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.37.51 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:18:52+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.32.37 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:34:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Group of protestors4Protestors holding various sign as they marchmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.32.37 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:19:30+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.44.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:44:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Brown Berets make an appearance4People marching during the 2nd Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.44.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:20:36+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.41.32 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:43:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Men carrying a coffin4Four men carrying a coffin during the 2nd Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.41.32 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:21:08+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.45.45 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:47:18+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Young protester holding a sign4Three young protestors carry a sign reading "STOP! CHICANO GENOCIDE" during the 2nd Chicano Moratoriummedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.45.45 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:22:00+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.48.53 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:50:29+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 2nd Chicano Moratorium: Large group of protestors4A large group of people marching during the 2nd Chicano Moratorium. Notice the Brown Berets in frontmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.48.53 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:22:34+00:00February 28, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Breaking Bread CC and RFK_thumb.JPG2022-01-07T03:03:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Breaking Bread3Ending his 23-day fast in support of the Union’s strike against grape growers, United Farm Workers leader Cesar Chavez (R) breaks bread with Sen. Robert F. Kennedy in this 1966 photo. Chavez said that Kennedy legitimized his union’s cause by lending his support. On 19th February, 1968, Cesar Chavez, the trade union leader, began a hunger strike in protest against the violence being used against his members in California. Robert F. Kennedy went to the San Joaquin Valley to give Chavez his support and told waiting reporters: “I am here out of respect for one of the heroic figures of our time – Cesar Chavez. I congratulate all of you who are locked with Cesar in the struggle for justice for the farm worker and in the struggle for justice for Spanish-speaking Americans.” On March 10 Robert F. Kennedy flew to California to help Chavez end a 25-day fast, offered as public penance for the violence that had resulted from his union's strike tactics. Chavez, who had lost 35 pounds in 25 days, was too weak to speak at the Mass of Thanksgiving in his honor. But someone read his speech, which included the following words: "It is how we use our lives that determines what kind of men we are... I am convinced that the truest act of courage, the strongest act of manliness, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totallymedia/Breaking Bread CC and RFK.JPGplain2022-01-07T03:07:53+00:001966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.52.50 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:53:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Two young protestors hold up a large banner3“Aug. 29, 1970 was the third in a series of anti-war demonstrations that had taken place in East Los Angeles without incident.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.52.50 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:30:01+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.55.18 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:55:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Group of protestors move down Whittier Blvd.3“The National Chicano Moratorium Against the Vietnam War in East Los Angeles would become the biggest gathering of Mexican American demonstrators in U.S. history to that point, with about 20,000 people parading down Whittier Boulevard to what was then called Laguna Park — before widespread violence erupted when sheriff’s deputies stormed the park and skirmishes followed. Patrol cars and buildings were set on fire.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.55.18 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:30:56+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.56.34 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:57:08+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Protestors hold anti Vietnam War posters3Chicano Moratorium march down Whittier Blvd in East LA on August 29, 1970.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.56.34 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:32:11+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.01.49 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:02:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Rosalio Munoz speaks at Laguna Park3Rosalio Munoz speaks at the 3rd Chicano Moratorium rally in East Los Angeles. August 29, 1970. The protest started peacefully and included whole families, mothers with young children protesting against the Vietnam War.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.01.49 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:14:17+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.08.58 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:10:03+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Policemen charge towards Laguna Park3Sheriff's deputies descend on Chicano Moratorium demonstrators on Whittier Boulevard near Indiana Street as the march erupts into chaos on Aug. 29, 1970media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.08.58 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:18:10+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.21.06 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:21:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Later Chicano Moratoriums: Raul Ruiz and the corpse of Gustav Montag3Raul Ruiz lays a Mexican flag atop the corpse of Gustav Montag, during a 1971 protest in East Los Angeles. Three people died on Aug. 29, 1970 Moratorium. They included: LA Times journalist and KMEX (Ch. 34) news director Rubén Salazar, Gilberto Diaz (Angel Gilbert Diaz) and Lyn Ward. During a 1971 protest, Gustav Montag was murdered by police. Identified as Jewish, Montag was the fourth casualty in East LA of the organized moratoriums. This moratorium was held on February 2, 1971.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.21.06 PM.pngplain2023-03-25T23:14:35+00:00February 2,1971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 6.02.17 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T01:05:43+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s A group of men reading La Raza newspaper3A group of men reading a newspaper promoting Raul Ruiz as the La Raza Unida Party candidate for California's 48th Assembly District. La Raza newspaper was a platform that allo| Manuel Barrera, Jr. La Raza photograph collection. Courtesy of UCLA Chicano Studies Research Centermedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 6.02.17 PM.pngplain2023-09-20T18:10:55+00:001960s-1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.38.25 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:41:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Beret Newspaper; La Causa3The Brown Berets’ community newspaper. The Women of the Brown Berets were the main editors & illustrators of the La Cuasa papermedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.38.25 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T20:57:20+00:001960sLatinx Movements and ActivismGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
12022-02-07T23:18:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a492000 - Immigrants Rights Rally at LA Sports Arena2Contreras organized one of the largest immigrant-rights rallies in U.S. history, when 20,000 immigrant workers of all colors filled the Sports Arena in June 2000.plain2022-02-07T23:30:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Chicano Moratorium_thumb.jpeg2021-12-02T01:37:56+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Anti War Protest21970media/Chicano Moratorium.jpegplain2022-07-14T23:14:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 3.27.36 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T22:29:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960 JFK Campaign in San Jose2Sen. John Kennedy gestures as he emphasizes a point during his address to more than 12,000 people in San Jose, California, November 2, 1960. Big signs greeted the Democratic standard bearer. “While Kennedy acknowledged that Mexican-American votes in Texas were critical to his win over Nixon, he largely neglected the promises made to Viva Kennedy campaigners—particularly Mexican Americans—once in the White House. Without the unifying force of the campaign and its celebrity candidate, the alliance of Latinos that Viva Kennedy represented collapsed. Nevertheless, the Kennedy campaign of 1960 established the broad outlines of Latino politics in the years to come. It encouraged leaders in various Latino communities to see the presidential election as the foundation of a nationwide Latino political community, even as it appealed to members of those communities in different ways.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 3.27.36 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T22:48:39+00:00November 1960Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Cesar and RFK_thumb.png2022-01-07T02:57:13+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 RFK and Cesar Chavez2Ending his 23-day fast in support of the Union’s strike against grape growers, United Farm Workers leader Cesar Chavez (R) breaks bread with Sen. Robert F. Kennedy in this 1966 photo. Chavez said that Kennedy legitimized his union’s cause by lending his support. On 19th February, 1968, Cesar Chavez, the trade union leader, began a hunger strike in protest against the violence being used against his members in California. Robert F. Kennedy went to the San Joaquin Valley to give Chavez his support and told waiting reporters: “I am here out of respect for one of the heroic figures of our time – Cesar Chavez. I congratulate all of you who are locked with Cesar in the struggle for justice for the farm worker and in the struggle for justice for Spanish-speaking Americans.” On March 10 Robert F. Kennedy flew to California to help Chavez end a 25-day fast, offered as public penance for the violence that had resulted from his union's strike tactics. Chavez, who had lost 35 pounds in 25 days, was too weak to speak at the Mass of Thanksgiving in his honor. But someone read his speech, which included the following words: "It is how we use our lives that determines what kind of men we are... I am convinced that the truest act of courage, the strongest act of manliness, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally nonviolent struggle for justice. To be a man is to suffer for others. God help us be men." Note: sources have conflicting start and ending dates of this either 25 or 27 day fast on water only. (UPI Photo/Files)media/Cesar and RFK.pngplain2022-10-07T23:50:34+00:00February 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.17.21 PM_thumb.png2022-10-13T00:22:27+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491975 UFW grape boycott poster2"Theres blood on those Grapes" Non-UFW Grapes, Lettuce and Gallo Wine Boycott poster Circa 1970smedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.17.21 PM.pngplain2022-10-13T00:28:04+00:001975Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.15.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:16:45+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts in Roosevelt High School2Students protest during a walkout at Roosevelt High School, Devra Weber, 1968; from the La Raza Photograph Collection, courtesy of UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center. That push for diversity and a better educational system is what led to the Chicano Blowouts in 1968, also known as the East L.A. Walkouts. It's estimated that 15,000 to 22,000 students participated in the walkouts. As a result of this massive protest, according to the Los Angeles Conservancy, the school district hired more Latinx educators, implemented bilingual classes and ethnic studies, and at UCLA, the Los Angeles Times reported, a year after the walkouts, Mexican-American student enrollment rose 1,800%.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.15.41 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:51:11+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.09.03 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:16:35+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 1st Chicano Moratorium: Outside recruiting center2Chicano Moratorium protesters outside the Marine Corps recruiting station, November 19, 1969. | Image courtesy of the UCLA Library Digital Collections, Creative Commons Licensemedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.09.03 PM.pngplain2023-03-20T23:25:56+00:00November 19, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.04.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:05:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Consuelo Flores recounts as violence broke out2Consuelo Flores Remembers, age 9 in 1970. She remembered smoke — tear gas, shot into the crowds. Untold numbers of protesters were injured by deputies or while fleeing. ‘I’m 9 years old, and I’m seeing the cop who’s supposed to protect me, whacking” a young man, she recalled. ‘My [red] shoes just fall off, and I just keep running, I’m running with my bare feet, so now my feet are burning too, and ... I’m just trying to get home.’media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.04.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:16:19+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.05.41 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:07:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Policeman with shotgun2A police deputy with shotgun raised outside of a National Chicano Moratorium march in August 1970 that attracted between 20,000 and 30,000 demonstrators.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.05.41 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:17:16+00:00August 29, 1970La Raza Staff Photographers/UCLA Chicano Studies Research CenterGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.12.46 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:13:34+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Injured policeman dragged out of Laguna Park2Arrellanes: One image remains embedded in her memory: “It was at the park. There was a lot of paper, a lot of debris. There was a wheelchair, tipped on its side. Nobody in it. You know, somebody carried somebody. That always stayed on my mind. Laguna Park was renamed Salazar Park. Image from Herald-Examiner Collectionmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.12.46 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:18:53+00:00August 29, 1970Herald-Examiner Collection/Los Angeles Public Library: National Chicano MoratoriumGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.17.03 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:17:53+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 3rd Chicano Moratorium: Ruben Salazar 22“Anyone who has worked a police beat as a reporter, as I have, knows that policemen tend to have difference attitudes toward enforcing the law depending on the social, financial and racial makeup of the people they deal with.” -Ruben Salazar Journalist Rubén Salazar and camera operator Guillermo Restrepo trailed after police who were chasing people east down Whittier Blvd. They eventually stopped at the Silver Dollar Bar and Café. That was where Los Angeles County deputy sheriff Tom Wilson said he fired the tear gas canister that struck Salazar in the head. Rubén Salazar was both the news director at Spanish language TV station KMEX and a columnist for the Los Angeles Times.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.17.03 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:40:21+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.23.36 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:24:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: After moratorium demonstration2Chicano Moratorium Committee anti-war demonstrators gather in East L.A. "The biggest, bloodiest disturbance in Los Angeles since Watts five years earlier lasted several hours. When it was over, Los Angeles Times columnist Ruben Salazar was dead and two others mortally wounded, about 200 people were under arrest, 75 law enforcement officers and untold numbers of demonstrators were injured, 95 county vehicles were destroyed or damaged, 44 buildings were pillaged and eight major fires had been set.” “After the Chicano Moratorium, I said no way am I going to put myself in jeopardy ever again,” Jensen says. “Because that’s how scared I was.” Jensen stopped organizingmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.23.36 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T00:56:13+00:00August 29, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.52.44 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:54:25+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: 1974 ASCO First Supper After a Major Riot2Harry Gamboa Jr.: LA County sheriffs open fired on innocent students and protestors, and wounded and killed many people who were protesting against the war in Vietnam, and were also protesting against police violence, which was followed by a two to three-and-a-half year crackdown on young people gathering on the streets of East Los Angeles. At the time that we shot [First Supper After a Major Riot], we felt that it had been long enough. It was time for it to be extinguished. And so, we declared it to be a celebration. Willie Herrón: At the time of the Moratorium, I was in high school. I remember the procession originating at Belvedere Park, protesting the Vietnam War and all the Chicanos that lost their lives. The police brutality was incredible. It affected me quite a bit and I think it affected all of us. So that's why Whittier Boulevard became such an important street, and a place for us to conduct our performances and connect them to our community and the way society viewed us at the time.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.52.44 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T01:03:21+00:001974Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.55.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-15T00:56:08+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 After Chicano Moratoriums: 1971 ASCO Stations of the Cross2Stations of the Cross was a walking “ritual of resistance” against what the performance group Asco considered the “useless deaths” taking place in Vietnam. The male members of the group (which originally comprised Harry Gamboa Jr., Gronk, Willie Herrón III, and Patssi Valdez) paraded down Whittier Boulevard in East Los Angeles, with Herrón as a Christ/death figure bearing a large cardboard cross. The quasi-Passion Play ended with the trio blocking a U.S. Marines recruiting office with the cross, symbolically halting military recruitment from their Mexican American neighborhood.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 5.55.02 PM.pngplain2023-03-21T01:05:21+00:001971Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.54.36 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T23:00:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 March from to Sacramento organized by the National Farmworkers Association (NFWA)2The NFWA organized a 250 mile march from Delano to Sacramento in 1966. Joined by unions and student activist organizations, together they marched from March 17 to April 10 winning their first union contract.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.54.36 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T06:14:46+00:00March 17, 1966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.24.54 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T23:32:40+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491965 Delano Grape Strike/Boycott is started by Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOL)2Larry Itliong and Phillip Vera Cruz, founders of AWOL begin the grape strike and ask the NFWA to join. Photo features Picket Captain Roberto Bustos and his crew, Strikers from Giumarra Vineyards. 5 year Delano Grape Strike (1965-1970)media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.24.54 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T16:32:29+00:00September 8, 1965Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.39.42 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:46:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Berets members2When he 15, Dr. Sanchez started the Young Chicanos for Community Action in Monterey Park, California. He later changed the name to the Brown Berets, because he had actually purchased one, by chance, and wore it often. From then on, the grassroots group met at various locations, including the Boy’s and Girl’s Club and coffee shops, because they didn’t want police to know their whereabouts. Dr. Sanchez, along with Carlos Montes, another organizer with the Brown Berets, began to take up causes such as police brutality, better education, and discrimination against the Latinx community. Their first protest was in 1967, when they picketed the sheriff's office in East L.A. to protest the killing of Latino men.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.39.42 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T20:52:40+00:001960sLatinx Movements and ActivismGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.34.43 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:36:39+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Beret member Gloria Arellenas and others2Undated photo strips show Gloria Arellanes, at left, and at center, with fellow Brown Beret members including, from clockwise: Lorraine Escalante, Hilda Reyes and Arlene Sánchez. (Special Collections & Archives, John F. Kennedy Memorial Library, Cal State LA, Gloria Arellanes Papers) Arrellanes became the minister of Finance & Correspondence after being apoitned by David Sánchez, the group’s founder. She was the only woman on the leadership team.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.34.43 PM.pngplain2023-10-16T20:56:37+00:001960sLatinx Movements and ActivismGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/John Oritz _thumb.jpeg2021-12-02T00:40:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49East Los Angeles Walk Outs1Chicano Movementmedia/John Oritz .jpegplain2021-12-02T00:40:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Sal Castro Large_thumb.jpeg2022-02-03T01:52:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49March 1968 Sal Castro with walkout students at Lincoln High School1Image courtesy of LA Times Photographic Archive, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Set the Night on Fire: "Castro, a high school teacher long active in liberal and Mexican-American causes, was a key force in organizing student walkouts to protest school conditions in East L.A. The "Blowouts", as they were soon called, were genesis events in the emergence of a new, militant "Chicano" identity.media/Sal Castro Large.jpegplain2022-02-03T01:52:12+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-07-21 at 12.19.45 PM_thumb.png2022-07-21T19:20:19+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491962 United Farm Workers1For more than a century farmworkers had been denied a decent life in the fields and communities of California’s agricultural valleys. Essential to the state’s biggest industry, but only so long as they remained exploited and submissive farmworkers had tried but failed so many times to organize the giant agribusiness farms that most observers considered it a hopeless task. And yet by the early 1960’s things were beginning to change beneath the surface. Within another fifteen years more than 50,000 farmworkers were protected by union contracts. The Bracero program, an informal arrangement between the United States and Mexican governments, became Public Law 78 in 1951. Started during World War II as a program to provide Mexican agricultural workers to growers, it continued after the war. Public Law 78 stated that no bracero-a temporary worker imported from Mexico-could replace a domestic worker. In reality this provision was rarely enforced. In fact the growers had wanted the Bracero program to continue after the war precisely in order to replace domestic workers. The small but energetic National Farm Labor Union, led by dynamic organizer Ernesto Galarza, found its efforts to create a lasting California farmworkers union in the 1940’s and 50’s stymied again and again by the growers’ manipulation of braceros. Over time, however, farmworkers, led by Cesar Chavez, were able to call upon allies in other unions, in churches and in community groups affiliated with the growing civil rights movement, to put enough pressure on politicians to end the Bracero Program by 1964media/Screen Shot 2022-07-21 at 12.19.45 PM.pngplain2022-07-21T19:20:19+00:001962Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/UFW_thumb.jpeg2022-08-01T18:15:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491962 UFW (United Farm Workers) Formed1In 1962, the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), a predecessor of the United Farm Workers (UFW), was founded in Delano, California. Cesar Chávez, alongside Dolores Huerta and other Chicano activists within this organization, defended the rights of farmworkers by employing nonviolent organizing tactics rooted in Catholic social teaching, Chicano identity, and civil rights rhetoric. Through a series of marches, national consumer boycotts, and fasts, the United Farm Workers union attracted national headlines, gained labor contracts with higher wages and improved working conditions, galvanizing the Chicano movement. California’s agribusiness depended on a corporatized system of farm production supported by political allies that hired low-wage workers from Asian, Native, and/or Mexican populations. Farmworkers worked in dire conditions, including exposure to deadly chemicals, inadequate food and shelter, and sexual harassment, while receiving meager wages. Those who protested were replaced by Mexican braceros under the Bracero Program. The Bracero Program’s termination in 1964 led to labor union mobilization among farmworkers. The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) was formed in 1966 as a collaboration between the Filipino Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the National Farm Workers Association. The union built partnerships with religious organizations, student and civil rights activists, and politicians, including Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy. From 1966 to 1970, the UFWOC carried out a successful international consumer boycott on grapes by picketing outside of grocery stores across the U.S. and Canada and spreading awareness about the movement in Europe. Subsequent boycotts and strikes against lettuce and strawberry growers occurred during the following years. Strikes often led to law enforcement intervention, where farmworkers were beaten, jailed, or replaced by non-citizen laborers. Dolores Huerta is credited with negotiating thousands of labor contracts providing farmworkers with improved wages and working conditions. In 1972, the UFWOC renamed itself the United Farm Workers. By then, communities of farmworkers had been established across the U.S. In California, the UFW’s newspaper El Malcriado (“The Unruly One”) informed the community and provided them with job openings, and Luis Valdes’ El Teatro Campesino (“The Farmer’s Theatre”) offered short comedic skits performed by farmworkers. The UFW also established a federal credit union and union centers with medical care, pension, and voter registration services to its union members. Although the UFW is still operating, internal union strife, short-term labor contracts, and lack of federal legislation concerning farmworker rights have affected the progress of the union.media/UFW.jpegplain2022-08-01T18:15:33+00:001962Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/YoungLordsarchival-5b2aaccfba617700548e4dc1_thumb.jpeg2022-08-01T20:14:00+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968: The Young Lord's Organization/Party1In 1968, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez established the Young Lords Organization (YLO) at Lincoln Park, one of the most impoverished barrios of Chicago, Illinois. Modeled and inspired after the Black Panther Party (BPP), the YLO emerged from a Puerto Rican street gang to a community-based organization involved in advocating for minority access to healthcare, education, housing, and employment. The YLO was multiethnic and inclusive to African American, Latino/x, women, and LGBTQ membership, self-identified as “revolutionist nationalists” who rallied for Puerto Rico’s independence and power to the people, and adopted a 13 Point Program and Platform—a set of policies, responsibilities, and principles the organization lived by. The YLO expanded to other cities, including New York City, where a group of college students established a YLO chapter and renamed it the Young Lords Party (YLP). After World War II ended, thousands of Puerto Ricans migrated from the island to the U.S. mainland, particularly to New York and Chicago, where they established neighborhoods at Lincoln Park and East Harlem. Within these barrios, Puerto Ricans became vulnerable to discrimination, police brutality, lack of employment and education, and gentrification. Throughout the late 60s and early 70s, the Young Lords of Chicago rebranded from a street gang into a community-based organization. Similar to the BPP, the YLO’s structure of leadership consisted of various ministers who were responsible for specific committees, including education, health, and finance. The YLO of Chicago became more active after James Lamb, an off-duty officer, received no repercussions for killing Manuel Ramos, a YLO member, during a party. Under Jiménez, the YLO formed coalitions with other groups and expanded to New York’s East Harlem, where a group of first generation college students headed an independent chapter. The New York City chapter aroused national headlines during their Garbage Offensive. In retaliation to the city’s poor sanitation services, YLO members led a week-long neighborhood cleanup and burned a garbage pile in the middle of a street intersection, causing the arrival of the police and fire department at the scene. In New York and in Chicago, YLO members led a series of protests and building occupations, held free breakfast programs for children, which helped standardize the current federal children’s nutrition program, established free medical clinics, and created Puerto Rican cultural centers, celebrating the history and heritage of all Puertorriqueño/as. In addition, both chapters published a monthly newspaper to promote community services and events. By the late 1970s, the Young Lords Organization and Party retreated from their activities. In 1995, Cha-Cha Jiménez collaborated with DePaul University’s Center for Latino Research to create the Lincoln Park Project, which archives and documents the legacy of the YLO.media/YoungLordsarchival-5b2aaccfba617700548e4dc1.jpegplain2022-08-01T20:14:00+00:00Young Lords members march with a sign that reads, "The Party of the Young Lords serves and protects your people.". Iris Morales, ¡Palante, Siempre Palante!, 1996. Film.1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 3.22.23 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T22:24:19+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960 Kennedy v. Nixon Latin opinion piece1“The Kennedy campaign confirmed that Mexican Americans were an emerging factor in national elections, and a new state of affairs in which they and their leaders no longer needed to deny their heritage to have a political voice.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 3.22.23 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T22:24:19+00:001960Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 3.33.18 PM_thumb.png2022-10-07T22:37:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960 “Democratic Representative Adam Clayton Powell introducing Democratic Party presidential candidate JFK in front of the Hotel Theresa in Harlem during campaign1“Though led by Mexican Americans, all parties had an interest in extending the Viva Kennedy campaign’s reach far beyond its nucleus in the Southwest. In time, two Puerto Rican leaders from New York enlisted as Viva Kennedy co-chairmen. Their inclusion imparted the appearance of a truly national mobilization of the people John Kennedy sometimes referred to as ‘Latin Americans.’"media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 3.33.18 PM.pngplain2022-10-07T22:37:10+00:00October 1960Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 5.03.49 PM_thumb.png2022-10-08T00:05:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491962 United Farm Workers Flag11962, September. 30: National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) first convention in Fresno. “The group’s distinctive flag, a black eagle symbol on a white circle in a red field, is unveiled”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 5.03.49 PM.pngplain2022-10-08T00:05:30+00:00September 1962Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 5.14.13 PM_thumb.png2022-10-08T00:15:35+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491965 Protesting apart of the Delano Grape strike1“The Delano Grape Strike began on September 8, 1965, in protest to substandard wages being paid to predominantly Filipino farm workers of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee. A week later, they were joined by the Mexican-American National Farmworkers Association, led by prominent labor leader Cesar Chavez, his elder brother Richard, and Dolores Huerta. Less than a year later, the two organizations merged to form the United Farm Workers – and more than 2,000 workers had joined the fight. Ultimately, the strike spread across North America and even Western Europe as consumers supported the workers by boycotting non-union grapes”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 5.14.13 PM.pngplain2022-10-08T00:15:35+00:001965Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 5.22.16 PM_thumb.png2022-10-08T00:24:12+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Pamphlet for Delano Grape Strike and Boycott1This pamphlet published by the United Farm Workers (UFW) union publicized and sought support for a boycott of non-union table grapes. The pamphlet asks consumers to look for the iconic UFW union label before buying grapes.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-07 at 5.22.16 PM.pngplain2022-10-08T00:24:12+00:001970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.20.30 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T22:22:54+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Dolores Huerta and Senator Robert Kennedy at a press conference1Dolores Huerta and Senator Robert Kennedy at a press conference celebrating the end of the 25-day fast by César Chávez, Delano, Californiamedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.20.30 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T22:22:54+00:00March 1966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.38.10 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T22:38:33+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Dolores Huerta marching in Coachella1Dolores Huerta organizes marchers in Coachella, Californiamedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.38.10 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T22:38:33+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.44.06 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T22:45:30+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Dolores Huerta with farm workers1Dolores Huerta and farm workers plan their strategy during a break from work July 24, 1969media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.44.06 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T22:45:30+00:00July 24, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.51.34 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T22:52:48+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 Candid Photograph of Cesar Chavez and Robert Kennedy1Candid Photograph of Cesar Chavez and Robert Kennedy at the Delano Grape Strike. ca. March 16, 1966media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 3.51.34 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T22:52:48+00:00March 16, 1966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.07.43 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T23:08:51+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491966 A.W.O.C. & N.F.W.A. lapel pin1AWOC & NFWA joined forces, merging to create the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (1966, Aug.)media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.07.43 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T23:08:51+00:00August 1966Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.36.23 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T23:37:26+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491967 A migratory farm worker speaks out1A migratory farm worker speaks at a demonstration in support of the Delano Grape Strike (1965-1970)media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.36.23 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T23:37:26+00:001967Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.41.00 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T23:43:07+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a492010 Judy Baca, “Seeing Through Others’ Eyes”1Each petal represents one of the issues facing society that Robert F. Kennedy deemed most important: Environment, Intolerance, Poverty, Education, Health, and War. We see these things through different eyes; the eyes of a soldier, a woman and her ailing mother, a poverty stricken child. At the center of the blossom sit two enlightened men: Kennedy breaking bread with César Chávez after Chávez’s 26-Day Fast for Life. Juan Romero, the busboy who cradled Kennedy after he was shot, is depicted to the left of Kennedy. While one million people march in the background lead by Dolores Huertas, a legendary figure in the labor movement in this country. She co-founded the United Farmworkers of America, which plays a major role in organizing opposition to proposed immigration reform legislation.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.41.00 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T23:43:07+00:002010Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.53.34 PM_thumb.png2022-10-12T23:53:49+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491977 UFW Leadership1Image of UFW officials taken in 1977 by Nell Campbell. UFW leaders; Dolores Huerta, Richard Chavez, Mack Lyons, Philip Vera Cruz, Marshall Ganz, Cesar Chavez, Gil Padilla, and Pete Velascomedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 4.53.34 PM.pngplain2022-10-12T23:53:49+00:001977Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.02.16 PM_thumb.png2022-10-13T00:07:58+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Article from July issue of El Malcriado1July 1970 Article from Delano, CA newspaper El Malcriado: The Voice of the Farm Workermedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.02.16 PM.pngplain2022-10-13T00:07:58+00:00July, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.27.28 PM_thumb.png2022-10-13T00:29:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491973 Side with the Farmworker: Boycott Gallo1Untitled (Side with the Farmworker), ca. 1973, screenprint on computer tractor paper During the civil rights era, artists often used whatever materials they had at hand to craft public messages about pressing concerns. Here an unidentified artist emblazons a pro-labor message on recycled computer paper, calling for the boycott of Gallo Wines. Activists on college campuses were especially known for using this unconventional paper for their printmaking. The artist depicts a revolting rat, a symbol of nonunion workers who cross the picket linemedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.27.28 PM.pngplain2022-10-13T00:29:42+00:001973Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.33.01 PM_thumb.png2022-10-13T00:42:22+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s-1970s UFW buttons1A collection of UFW buttons advocating for various boycottsmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.33.01 PM.pngplain2022-10-13T00:42:22+00:001960s-1970sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.45.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-13T00:49:36+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Cesar Chavez1Cesar Chavez, Delano, 1969, portrait shot by George Rodriguezmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-12 at 5.45.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-13T00:49:36+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.09.32 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:11:02+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Wilson High School student protester Peter Rodriguez at LAUSD Board of Education meeting1Wilson High School student protester Peter Rodriguez at LAUSD Board of Education meeting. Photo by Los Angeles Public Library. In 1967, Mexican American students throughout the Southwest held a 60% high school dropout rate. If they did graduate, they averaged an 8th-grade reading level. Due to Anglo-centric internal school policies many Chicano students were fielded to vocational training or classes for the mentally disabled. Prejudice from teachers and administrators instigated stereotypes of Mexican Americans that discouraged the students from higher learning. These inequalities in education led to the 1968 East Los Angeles Walkouts, also known as the "Blowouts," which displayed the largest mobilization of Chicano youth leaders in Los Angeles history.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.09.32 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:11:02+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.11.22 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:15:10+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts in Boyle Heights1“George Rodriguez, Boyle Heights, 1968. ‘Some kid got hit on the head by the cops during the Walkouts. I called these images ‘a field day for the heat.’ They were just kids.’”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.11.22 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:15:10+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.17.19 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:18:29+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts make it into LAUSD Board of Education1Protestors demand that the LAUSD board of education reinstate teacher Sal Castro, who assisted the student demonstratorsmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.17.19 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:18:29+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 1.53.59 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:20:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkouts at Venice High School1WALKOUT AT VENICE--Police stand guard at Venice High School where about half the 3,000-member student body left classes during the lunch hour. Hundreds of students gathered in front of the school and police declared gathering was unlawful. Twelve were arrested.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 1.53.59 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:20:32+00:001968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.21.00 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:24:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Female student being arrested at Venice High School Walkout1LOS ANGELES, CA - MARCH 12: Image originally published on March 13, 1968--Police struggle to arrest a female student at Venice High School during a clash with 1,000 students. She was accused of using obscene and abusive language. Eight people were arrested. March 1, 1968: Over 15,000 Chicanos, students, faculty, and community members, walk out of seven East L.A. high schools. Those schools included: Garfield, Roosevelt, Lincoln, Belmont, Wilson, Venice, and Jefferson High School. Some students from East L.A. junior high schools join the protests, as wellmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.21.00 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:24:42+00:00March 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.52.31 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:55:29+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Brown Berets provide security for Memorial Procession the day after RFK was killed1“Gloria Arellanes (left, second row) marches in a Robert Kennedy Requiem Memorial Procession the day after he was killed, from Belvedere Park to East Los Angeles College Stadium for a Catholic Mass. Brown Berets were security. (George Rodriguez)”. “At its peak, the Brown Berets had as many as 55 chapters throughout the country, including the Southwest but also in states such as Kansas and Minnesota. By 1970, however, the founding chapter was tearing at the seams. As the group planned demonstrations against the Vietnam War, female members began to question why they were largely excluded from leadership positions and relegated to behind-the-scenes, menial work.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.52.31 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:55:29+00:00June 7, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.56.04 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T21:57:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Brown Beret's El Barrio Free Clinic1Originally called the East L.A. Free Clinic. ”The Brown Berets launched the El Barrio Free Clinic, spearheaded by Gloria Arellanes” (Cruz 2018). The clinic operated from May 1968 to Dec. 1970.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.56.04 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T21:57:20+00:00May 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.57.56 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:20:46+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Brown Berets Poster from La Raza Newspaper1Poster recruiting members to the Brown Berets and La Razamedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 2.57.56 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:20:46+00:00March 31, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.21.30 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:24:20+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkout covered in La Raza Newspaper1Article from the La Raza Newspaper covering the East LA blowouts which happened earlier that monthmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.21.30 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:24:20+00:00March 31, 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.25.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:26:32+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491968 Walkout outside Roosevelt High School1Students protesters carrying signs during a walkout at Roosevelt High School, 1968media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.25.02 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:26:32+00:00March 1968Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.11.01 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:38:01+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491960s Brown Beret belonging to Gloria Arellanes1Gloria Arellanes’ former beret, which is now part of a collection at Cal State LAmedia/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.11.01 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:38:01+00:001960sGina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.00.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:47:42+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 Portrait of Brown Beret member Hilda Jensen1Rodriguez took this portrait of a Chicana demonstrator in the neighborhood of Lincoln Heights in 1969 Hilda’s Jenson’s photos has graced the covers of books, films etc, but often the names of her and her fellow women organizers have often gone unrecognized. In 2003 she wrote to filmmaker Jesús Salvador Treviño who had included her image in his memoir to identify her by name and include her maiden name: Hilda Reyes.media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.00.02 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:47:42+00:001969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.48.02 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T22:51:55+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491970 Official Resignation of all women in the Brown Berets LA chapter1Women of the LA chapter of the Brown Berets collectively resign. In the letter they write: ““We have been treated as nothings, and not as Revolutionary sisters… We have found that the Brown Beret men have oppressed us more than the pig system.”media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 3.48.02 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T22:51:55+00:00February 25, 1970Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49
1media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.14.03 PM_thumb.png2022-10-14T23:18:46+00:00Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a491969 1st Chicano Moratorium protester Rosalio Muñoz1Rosalio Muñoz greets Chicano Moratorium activists in November 1969media/Screen Shot 2022-10-14 at 4.14.03 PM.pngplain2022-10-14T23:18:46+00:00November 19, 1969Gina Leonf0ac362b4453e23ee8a94b1a49fbeeafde2a0a49